{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:54:38Z","timestamp":1791968078864,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL130468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL130468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper airway segmentation on MR images is a prerequisite step for quantitatively studying the anatomical structure and function of the upper airway and surrounding tissues. However, the complex variability of intensity and shape of anatomical structures and different modes of image acquisition commonly used in this application makes automatic upper airway segmentation challenging. In this paper, we develop and test a comprehensive deep learning\u2010based segmentation system for use on MR images to address this problem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our study, both static and dynamic MRI data sets are utilized, including 58 axial static 3D MRI studies, 22 mid\u2010retropalatal dynamic 2D MRI studies, 21 mid\u2010retroglossal dynamic 2D MRI studies, 36 mid\u2010sagittal dynamic 2D MRI studies, and 23 isotropic dynamic 3D MRI studies, involving a total of 160 subjects and over 20\u00a0000 MRI slices. Samples of static and 2D dynamic MRI data sets were randomly divided into training, validation, and test sets by an approximate ratio of 5:2:3. Considering that the variability of annotation data among 3D dynamic MRIs was greater than for other MRI data sets, we increased the ratio of training data for these data to improve the robustness of the model. We designed a unified framework consisting of the following procedures. For static MRI, a generalized region\u2010of\u2010interest (GROI) strategy is applied to localize the partitions of nasal cavity and other portions of upper airway in axial data sets as two separate subobjects. Subsequently, the two subobjects are segmented by two separate 2D U\u2010Nets. The two segmentation results are combined as the whole upper airway structure. The GROI strategy is also applied to other MRI modes. To minimize false\u2010positive and false\u2010negative rates in the segmentation results, we employed a novel loss function based explicitly on these rates to train the segmentation networks. An inter\u2010reader study is conducted to test the performance of our system in comparison to human variability in ground truth (GT) segmentation of these challenging structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed approach yielded mean Dice coefficients of 0.84\u00b10.03, 0.89\u00b10.13, 0.84\u00b10.07, and 0.86\u00b10.05 for static 3D MRI, mid\u2010retropalatal\/mid\u2010retroglossal 2D dynamic MRI, mid\u2010sagittal 2D dynamic MRI, and isotropic dynamic 3D MRI, respectively. The quantitative results show excellent agreement with manual delineation results. The inter\u2010reader study results demonstrate that the segmentation performance of our approach is statistically indistinguishable from manual segmentations considering the inter\u2010reader variability in GT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed method can be utilized for routine upper airway segmentation from static and dynamic MR images with high accuracy and efficiency. The proposed approach has the potential to be employed in other dynamic MRI\u2010related applications, such as lung or heart segmentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T22:39:05Z","timestamp":1636756745000},"page":"324-342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Automatic upper airway segmentation in static and dynamic MRI via anatomy\u2010guided convolutional neural networks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Lipeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Medical Image Processing Group Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayaram K.","family":"Udupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Processing Group Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubing","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Processing Group Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew A.","family":"Torigian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Processing Group Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Processing Group Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Kogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Processing Group Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wootton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kok R.","family":"Choy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghun","family":"Sin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Wagshul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raanan","family":"Arens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S124657"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210431"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-018-1730-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.1.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.171.3.2717750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4180-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of dynamic sleep MRI in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Gamaleldin O","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Radiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24608"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)80783-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gmip.1996.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4945698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SunC UdupaJK TongY et\u00a0al.Segmentation of 4D images via space\u2010time neural networks. 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