{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:54:36Z","timestamp":1791968076807,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the dose enhancement and internalization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) used as a radiosensitizer agent for rotational radiotherapy of breast cancer using a kilovoltage (kV) X\u2010ray beam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human breast cancer cells MDA\u2010MB\u2010231 were incubated with or without 100\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL (4.87\u00a0nM) or 200\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL (9.74\u00a0nM) 15\u00a0nm AuNPs and irradiated with 100\u00a0kV, 190\u00a0kV, or 6 MV X\u2010rays. To assess the toxicity of the AuNPs, we performed a Sulforhodamine B assay. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and time\u2010lapse optical microscopy (rate of 2 frames per minute), we carried out a quantitative assessment of the amount of gold internalized by MDA\u2010MB\u2010231 cells and a characterization of the static and dynamical aspects of this internalization process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No effect of AuNPs alone was shown on cell viability. Time\u2010lapse optical microscopy showed for the first time AuNPs cellular uptake and the dynamics of AuNPs internalization. Electron microscopy demonstrated AuNPs localization in endosomal vesicles, preferentially in the perinuclear region. After irradiation at doses up to 2\u00a0Gy, cell survival fraction curves showed increased mortality with AuNPs, with respect to irradiation without AuNPs. The highest effect of radioenhancement by AuNPs (at 9.74\u00a0nM AuNPs concentration) was observed at 190\u00a0kV showing a dose enhancement factor of 1.33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06 (1.34\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02 at 100\u00a0kV), while at 6 MV it was 1.14\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed radio\u2010sensitization effect is promising for future radio\u2010enhanced kV radiotherapy of breast cancer and quantitatively in the order of previous observations for 15\u00a0nm AuNPs. These results of a significant dose enhancement were obtained at 15\u00a0nm AuNPs concentration as low as several nanomolar units, at dose levels typical of a single dose fraction in a radiotherapy session. Dynamical behavior of the 3D spatial distribution of 15\u00a0nm AuNPs outside the nucleus of single breast cancer cell was observed, with possible implications for future models of AuNPs sensitization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T23:42:11Z","timestamp":1636933331000},"page":"568-578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Breast radiotherapy with kilovoltage photons and gold nanoparticles as radiosensitizer: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9534-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Tudda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics \u201cEttore Pancini\u201d University of Naples Federico II  Naples Italy"},{"name":"INFN Division of Naples  Naples 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