{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:41:30Z","timestamp":1792842090638,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various studies have demonstrated that additional prefilters and\/or reduced tube voltages have the potential to significantly increase the contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratios at unit dose (CNRDs) and thereby to significantly reduce patient dose in clinical CT. An exhaustive analysis, accounting for a wide range of filter thicknesses and a wide range of tube voltages extending beyond the 70 to 150\u00a0kV range of today's CT systems, including their specific choice depending on the patient size, is, however, missing. Therefore, this work analyzes the dose reduction potential for patient\u2010specific selectable prefilters combined with a wider range of tube voltages. We do so for soft tissue and iodine contrast in single energy CT. The findings may be helpful to guide further developments of x\u2010ray tubes and automatic filter changers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CT acquisitions were simulated for different patient sizes (semianthropomorphic phantoms for child, adult, and obese patients), tube voltages (35\u2013150\u00a0kV), prefilter materials (tin and copper), and prefilter thicknesses (up to 5\u00a0mm). For each acquisition soft tissue and iodine CNRDs were determined. Dose was calculated using Monte Carlo simulations of a computed tomography dose index (CTDI) phantom. CNRD values of acquisitions with different parameters were used to evaluate dose\u00a0reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dose reduction through patient\u2010specific prefilters depends on patient size and available tube current among others. With an available tube current time product of 1000\u00a0mAs dose reductions of 17% for the child, 32% for the adult and 29% for the obese phantom were achieved for soft tissue contrast. For iodine contrast dose reductions were 57%, 49%, and 39% for child, adult, and obese phantoms, respectively. Here, a tube voltage range extended to lower kV is\u00a0important.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial dose reduction can be achieved by utilizing patient\u2010specific prefilters. Tube voltages lower than 70\u00a0kV are beneficial for dose reduction with iodine contrast, especially for small patients. The optimal implementation of patient\u2010specific prefilters benefits from higher tube power. Tin prefilters should be available in 0.1\u00a0mm steps or lower, copper prefilter in 0.3\u00a0mm steps or lower. At least 10 different prefilter thicknesses should be used to cover the dose optima of all investigated patient sizes and contrast mechanisms. In many cases it would be advantageous to adapt the prefilter thickness rather than the tube current to the patient size, that is, to always use the maximum available tube current and to control the exposure by adjusting the thickness of the prefilter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T03:07:51Z","timestamp":1637291271000},"page":"93-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Dose reduction potential in diagnostic single energy CT through patient\u2010specific prefilters and a wider range of tube voltages"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Steidel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Im Neuenheimer Feld Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joscha","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Im Neuenheimer Feld Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sawall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Im Neuenheimer Feld Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Kachelrie\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Im Neuenheimer Feld Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students","author":"Dance DR","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5750-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000325"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.20154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2018.0517"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.217.2.r00nv35430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2282020471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2373041643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HubbellJH SeltzerSM.Tables of x\u2013ray mass attenuation coefficients and mass energy\u2010absorption coefficients 1 keV to 20 MeV for elements Z = 1 to 92 and 48 additional substances of dosimetric interest. 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