{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T09:20:09Z","timestamp":1770888009545,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is one of the most serious neurovascular complications resulting from premature birth. It can result in clotting of blood within the ventricles, which causes a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid that can lead to posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Currently, there are no direct treatments for these blood clots as the standard of care is invasive surgery to insert a shunt. Magnetic resonance\u2010guided high\u2010intensity focused ultrasound (MRgHIFU) has been investigated as a noninvasive treatment to lyse blood clots. However, current MRgHIFU systems are not suitable in the context of treating IVH in neonates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have developed a robotic MRgHIFU neurosurgical platform designed to treat the neonatal brain. This platform facilitates ergonomic patient positioning and directs treatment through their open anterior fontanelle while providing a larger treatment volume. The platform is based on an MR\u2010compatible robot developed by our group. Further development of the platform has warranted investigation of its targeting ability to assess its feasibility in the neonatal brain. This study aimed to quantify the platform's targeting accuracy, precision, and repeatability using a brain phantom and clinical MRI system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A thermosensitive brain\u2010mimicking phantom was developed to test the platform's targeting accuracy. Rectangular grid patterns were created with HIFU thermal energy \u201clesions\u201d in the phantoms by targeting specific coordinate points. The intended target locations were demarcated by inserting carbon fiber rods through a targeting assessment template. Coordinates for the intended and actual targets were derived from T2\u2010weighted MRI scans, and the centroid distance between them was measured. Subsequently, the platform's targeting accuracy was quantified according to equations derived from ISO Standard 9283:1998.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIFU ablation resulted in distinct thermal lesions within the thermosensitive phantoms, which appeared as discrete hypointense regions in T2\u2010weighted MR scans. A total of 127 target points were included in the data analysis, which yielded a targeting accuracy of 0.6\u00a0mm and targeting precision of 1.2\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The robotic MRgHIFU platform was shown to have a high degree of accuracy, precision, and repeatability. The results demonstrate the platform's functionality when targeting through simulated brain matter. These results serve as an initial verification of the platform targeting ability and showed promise toward the final application in a neonatal brain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T11:21:15Z","timestamp":1645096875000},"page":"2120-2135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A robotic magnetic resonance\u2010guided high\u2010intensity focused ultrasound platform for neonatal neurosurgery: Assessment of targeting accuracy and precision in a brain phantom"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Hrishikesh","family":"Raghuram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Posluns Centre for Image Guided Innovation and Therapeutic Intervention Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Keunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Soucier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posluns Centre for Image Guided Innovation and Therapeutic Intervention Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Looi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posluns Centre for Image Guided Innovation and Therapeutic Intervention Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Pichardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Waspe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posluns Centre for Image Guided Innovation and Therapeutic Intervention Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posluns Centre for Image Guided Innovation and Therapeutic Intervention Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"The Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Neurology of the Newborn","author":"Volpe JJ","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071\u20109091(98)80030\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.2.PEDS08400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006\u20102841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060\u2010200204000\u201000011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"LooiTFeasibility of MR\u2010guided high intensity focused ultrasound for thrombolysis of brain intraventricular hemorrhagic thrombus. 2018. 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