{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:08:48Z","timestamp":1787836128089,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gold\u2010standard method for estimation of patient\u2010specific organ doses in digital tomosynthesis (DT) requires protocol\u2010specific Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of radiation transport in anatomically accurate computational phantoms. Although accurate, MC simulations are computationally expensive, leading to a turnaround time in the order of core hours for simulating a single exam. This limits their clinical utility. The purpose of this study is to overcome this limitation by utilizing patient\u2010 and protocol\u2010specific MC simulations to develop a comprehensive database of air\u2010kerma\u2010normalized organ dose coefficients for a virtual population of adult and pediatric patient models over an expanded set of exam protocols in DT for retrospective and prospective estimation of radiation dose in clinical tomosynthesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A clinically representative virtual population of 14 patient models was used, with pediatric models (M and F) at ages 1, 5, 10, and 15 and adult patient models (M and F) with body mass index (BMIs) at 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the US population. A graphics processing unit (GPU)\u2010based MC simulation framework was used to simulate organ doses in the patient models, incorporating the scanner\u2010specific configuration of a clinical DT system (VolumeRad, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) and an expanded set of exam protocols, including 21 distinct acquisition techniques for imaging a variety of anatomical regions (head and neck, thorax, spine, abdomen, and knee). Organ dose coefficients (<jats:italic>h<jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>) were estimated by normalizing organ dose estimates to air kerma at 70\u00a0cm (X<jats:sub>70cm<\/jats:sub>) from the source in the scout view. The corresponding coefficients for projection radiography were approximated using organ doses estimated for the scout view. The organ dose coefficients were further used to compute air\u2010kerma\u2010normalized patient\u2010specific effective dose coefficients (<jats:italic>K<jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>) for all combinations of patients and protocols, and a comparative analysis examining the variation of radiation burden across sex, age, and exam protocols in DT, and with projection radiography was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The database of organ dose coefficients (<jats:italic>h<jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>) containing 294 distinct combinations of patients and exam protocols was developed and made publicly available. The values of <jats:italic>K<jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> were observed to produce estimates of effective dose in agreement with prior studies and consistent with magnitudes expected for pediatric and adult patients across the different exam protocols, with head and neck regions exhibiting relatively lower and thorax and C\u2010spine (apsc, apcs) regions relatively higher magnitudes. The ratios (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0<jats:italic>K<jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>K<jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic><jats:sub>,rad<\/jats:sub>) quantifying the differences air\u2010kerma\u2010normalized patient\u2010specific effective doses between DT and projection radiography were centered around 1.0 for all exam protocols, with the exception of protocols covering the knee region (pawk, patk).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study developed a database of organ dose coefficients for a virtual population of 14 adult and pediatric XCAT patient models over a set of 21 exam protocols in DT. Using empirical measurements of air kerma in the clinic, these organ dose coefficients enable practical retrospective and prospective patient\u2010specific radiation dosimetry. The computation of air\u2010kerma\u2010normalized patient\u2010specific effective doses further enables the comparison of radiation burden to the patient populations between protocols and between imaging modalities (e.g., DT and projection radiography), as presented in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T04:09:00Z","timestamp":1655006940000},"page":"5439-5450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dose coefficients for organ dosimetry in tomosynthesis imaging of adults and pediatrics across diverse protocols"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Shobhit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virtual Imaging Trials and Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology Duke University School of Medicine  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuj","family":"Kapadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virtual Imaging Trials and Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology Duke University School of Medicine  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Ria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virtual Imaging Trials and Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology Duke University School of Medicine  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Clinical Imaging Physics Group, Department of Radiology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Paul","family":"Segars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virtual Imaging Trials and Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology Duke University School of Medicine  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Samei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virtual Imaging Trials and Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology Duke University School of Medicine  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Clinical Imaging Physics Group, Department of Radiology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.05.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016150184"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2016.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4921362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3250907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4859315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.4.3.031207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Open Ergonomics.PeopleSize Visual Anthropometry Software. 2020. Accessed August 29 2021.http:\/\/www.openerg.com\/psz\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4794178"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4926847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3480985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3231824"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"SalvatF Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010VeraJ SempauJ.PENELOPE\u20102008: A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport.2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4866216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Calculation of the range of electrons for parts of human body over the energy range of 30\u20131000 keV","volume":"3","author":"Gupta S","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Eng Technol Manage Appl Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/8\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Bontrager's Handbook of Radiographic Positioning and Techniques \u2010 9th Edition.","author":"Lampignano J","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.5722305"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.22482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-07753-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/abe548"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3026593"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.15798","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.15798","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.15798","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T06:57:24Z","timestamp":1692773844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.15798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.15798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.15798","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}