{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:50:15Z","timestamp":1786978215918,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EB022075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EB022075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Validation of dosimetry software, such as Monte Carlo (MC) radiation transport codes used for patient\u2010specific absorbed dose estimation, is critical prior to their use in clinical decision making. However, direct experimental validation in the clinic is generally not performed for low\/medium\u2010energy beta emitters used in radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) due to the challenges of measuring energy deposited by short\u2010range particles. Our objective was to design a practical phantom geometry for radiochromic film (RF)\u2010based absorbed dose measurements of beta\u2010emitting radionuclides and perform experiments to directly validate our in\u2010house developed Dose Planning Method (DPM) MC code dedicated to internal dosimetry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The experimental setup was designed for measuring absorbed dose from beta emitters that have a range sufficiently penetrating to \u223c200 \u03bcm in water as well as to capture any photon contributions to absorbed dose. Assayed\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu and\n                      <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                      Y liquid sources, 13\u2013450 MBq estimated to deliver 0.5\u201310 Gy to the sensitive layer of the RF, were injected into the cavity of two 3D\u2010printed half\u2010cylinders that had been sealed with 12.7 \u03bcm or 25.4 \u03bcm thick Kapton Tape. A 3.8 \u00d7 6 cm strip of GafChromic EBT3 RF was sandwiched between the two taped half\u2010cylinders. After 2\u201348 h exposures, films were retrieved and wipe tested for contamination. Absorbed dose to the RF was measured using a commercial triple\u2010channel dosimetry optimization method and a calibration generated via 6 MV photon beam. Profiles were analyzed across the central 1 cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      area of the RF for validation. Eleven experiments were completed with\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu and nine with\n                      <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                      Y both in saline and a bone equivalent solution. Depth dose curves were generated for\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu and\n                      <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                      Y stacking multiple RF strips between a single filled half\u2010cylinder and an acrylic backing. All experiments were modeled in DPM to generate voxelized MC absorbed dose estimates. We extended our study to benchmark general purpose MC codes MCNP6 and EGSnrc against the experimental results as well.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 20 experiments showed that both the 3D\u2010printed phantoms and the final absorbed dose values were reproducible. The agreement between the absorbed dose estimates from the RF measurements and DPM was on average \u22124.0% (range \u221210.9% to 3.2%) for all single film\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu experiments and was on average \u22121.0% (range \u22122.7% to 0.7%) for all single film\n                      <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                      Y experiments. Absorbed depth dose estimates by DPM agreed with RF on average 1.2% (range \u22128.0% to 15.2%) across all depths for\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu and on average 4.0% (range \u22125.0% to 9.3%) across all depths for\n                      <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                      Y. DPM absorbed dose estimates agreed with estimates from EGSnrc and MCNP across the board, within 4.7% and within 3.4% for\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu and\n                      <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                      Y respectively, for all geometries and across all depths. MC showed that absorbed dose to RF from betas was greater than 92% of the total (betas + other radiations) for\n                      <jats:sup>177<\/jats:sup>\n                      Lu, indicating measurement of dominant beta contribution with our design.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reproducible results with a RF insert in a simple phantom designed for liquid sources demonstrate that this is a reliable setup for experimentally validating dosimetry algorithms used in therapies with beta\u2010emitting unsealed sources. Absorbed doses estimated with the DPM MC code showed close agreement with RF measurement and with results from two general purpose MC codes, thereby validating the use of this algorithms for clinical RPT dosimetry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T06:10:04Z","timestamp":1660889404000},"page":"540-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Experimental validation of Monte Carlo dosimetry for therapeutic beta emitters with radiochromic film in a 3D\u2010printed phantom"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Van","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Michigan Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuni K.","family":"Dewaraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Michigan Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy T.","family":"Niedbala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Michigan Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrid","family":"Rosebush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Michigan Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Kazmierski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Michigan Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hubers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Michigan Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin K.","family":"Mikell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Michigan Medicine  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Wilderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiologic Sciences University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11020268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.08.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2020.38.6_suppl.tps260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.088666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598691"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1646040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/54\/6\/017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Radiochromic Film: Role and Applications in Radiation Dosimetry","author":"Das IJ","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14736691211060117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14463"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/49\/19\/007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Monte Carlo Calculations in Nuclear Medicine","author":"Zaidi H","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"11S","article-title":"MIRD pamphlet No. 17: the dosimetry of nonuniform activity distributions\u2014radionuclide S values at the voxel level. 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