{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:50:28Z","timestamp":1786978228276,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is an important technique that can help design advanced and challenging experimental setups. GATE (Geant4 application for tomographic emission) is a useful simulation toolkit for applications in nuclear medicine. Transarterial radioembolization is a treatment for liver cancer, where microspheres embedded with yttrium\u201090 (\n                      <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                      Y) are administered intra\u2010arterially to the tumor. Personalized dosimetry for this treatment may provide higher dosimetry accuracy compared to the conventional partition model (PM) calculation. However, incorporation of three\u2010dimensional tomographic input data into MC simulation is an intricate process. In this article, 3D Slicer, free and open\u2010source software, was utilized for the incorporation of patient tomographic images into GATE to demonstrate the feasibility of personalized dosimetry in hepatic radioembolization with\n                      <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                      Y.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this article, the steps involved in importing, segmenting, and registering tomographic images using 3D Slicer were thoroughly described, before importing them into GATE for MC simulation. The absorbed doses estimated using GATE were then compared with that of PM. SlicerRT, a 3D Slicer extension, was then used to visualize the isodose from the MC simulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A workflow diagram consisting of all the steps taken in the utilization of 3D Slicer for personalized dosimetry in\n                      <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                      Y radioembolization has been presented in this article. In comparison to the MC simulation, the absorbed doses to the tumor and normal liver were overestimated by PM by 105.55% and 20.23%, respectively, whereas for lungs, the absorbed dose estimated by PM was underestimated by 25.32%. These values were supported by the isodose distribution obtained via SlicerRT, suggesting the presence of beta particles outside the volumes of interest. These findings demonstrate the importance of personalized dosimetry for a more accurate absorbed dose estimation compared to PM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The methodology provided in this study can assist users (especially students or researchers who are new to MC simulation) in navigating intricate steps required in the importation of tomographic data for MC simulation. These steps can also be utilized for other radiation therapy related applications, not necessarily limited to internal dosimetry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T06:56:04Z","timestamp":1663052164000},"page":"7742-7753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Utilizing 3D Slicer to incorporate tomographic images into GATE Monte Carlo simulation for personalized dosimetry in yttrium\u201090 radioembolization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Fahmi Rizal","family":"Abdul Hadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Universiti Sains Malaysia  USM Penang 11800 Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arifah Nazirah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Universiti Sains Malaysia  USM Penang 11800 Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Ab. Aziz","family":"Hashikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Universiti Sains Malaysia  USM Penang 11800 Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chee Keat","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncological &amp; Radiological Science Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Pulau Pinang 13200 Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chai Hong","family":"Yeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University  Subang Jaya Selangor 47500 Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiem Leong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Universiti Sains Malaysia  USM Penang 11800 Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwan Hoong","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya  Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences UCSI University  Port Dickson Negeri Sembilan 71010 Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1065-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/19\/007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/4\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"OpenGATE Collabration ed. 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Accessed 21 July 2022 https:\/\/opengate.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13139-010-0047-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"TheraSphere\u2122 Y90 Glass Microspheres"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Sirtex \u2013 About SIR\u2010Spheres Yttrium\u201090\u00a0Microspheres"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01084369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa7e5b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4754659"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2021.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11050398"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"O'ConnorD VoronenkoY NguyenD YinW ShengK.Fast Non\u2010Coplanar Beam Orientation Optimization Based on Group Sparsity.2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12276"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12473"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"David Sarrut\/Gate\u2010Courses","author":"Sarrut D","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/2\/314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)01368-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2009.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1517611"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phmed.2017.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05748-0"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.15980","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.15980","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.15980","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T12:22:31Z","timestamp":1692620551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.15980"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.15980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.15980","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}