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This technique requires the acquisition of the time\u2010course arterial plasma activity concentration, called the arterial input function (AIF), which is conventionally acquired via arterial blood\u00a0sampling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to (A) optimize the geometry for a novel and cost efficient non\u2010invasive detector called NID designed to measure the AIF for dPET scans through Monte Carlo simulations and (B) develop a clinical data analysis chain to successfully separate the arterial component of a simulated AIF signal from the venous\u00a0component.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The NID was optimized by using an in\u2010house Geant4\u2010based software package. The sensitive volume of the NID consists of a band of 10 cm long and 1\u00a0mm in diameter scintillating fibers placed over a wrist phantom. The phantom was simulated as a cylinder, 10 cm long and 6.413 cm in diameter comprised of polyethylene with two holes placed through it to simulate the patient's radial artery and vein. This phantom design was chosen to match the wrist phantom used in our previous proof of concept work. Two geometries were simulated with different arrangements of scintillating fibers. The first design used a single layer of 64 fibers. The second used two layers, an inner layer with 29 fibers and an outer layer with 30 fibers. Four positron emitting radioisotopes were simulated:<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F,<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C,<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>O, and<jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>Ga with 100 million simulated decay events per run. The total and intrinsic efficiencies of both designs were calculated as well as the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the signal. In addition, contribution by the annihilation photons versus positrons to the signal was investigated. The results obtained from the two simulated detector models were compared. A clinical data analysis chain using an expectation maximization maximum likelihood algorithm was tested. This analysis chain will be used to separate arterial counts from the total\u00a0signal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The second NID design with two layers of scintillating fibers had a higher efficiency for all simulations with a maximum increase of 17% total efficiency for<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C simulation. All simulations had a significant annihilation photon contribution. The signal for<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F and<jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>C was almost entirely due to photons. The clinical data analysis chain was within 1% of the true value for 434 out of 440 trials. Further experimental studies to validate these simulations will be\u00a0required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The design of the NID was optimized and its efficiency increased through Monte Carlo simulations. A clinical data analysis chain was successfully developed to separate the arterial component of an AIF signal from the venous component. The simulations show that the NID can be used to accurately measure the AIF non\u2010invasively for dPET\u00a0scans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T10:40:24Z","timestamp":1666003224000},"page":"1647-1659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Simulation of a novel, non\u2010invasive radiation detector to measure the arterial input function for dynamic positron emission tomography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Liam","family":"Carroll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Unit Department of Oncology Faculty of Medicine McGill University Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General Hospital Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirin A.","family":"Enger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Unit Department of Oncology Faculty of Medicine McGill University Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General Hospital Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.057307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.070862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12807"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11060790"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Positron emission tomography and autoradiography: principles and applications for the brain and heart","author":"Phelps ME","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01728767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590000405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc1489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"945","article-title":"Comparison of image\u2010derived and arterial input functions for estimating the rate of glucose metabolism in therapy\u2010monitoring 18F\u2010FDG PET studies","volume":"47","author":"Geus\u2010Oei L\u2010FD","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-010-1443-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-020-02074-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-219X-2-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KriplaniA SchlyerD VaskaP et\u00a0al.Non\u2010invasive and selective measurement of the arterial input function using a PET Wrist Scanner.2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record.2006;3266\u20103270.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2006.353705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-020-00297-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.918468"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VillanuevaA StollS SchlyerD et\u00a0al.Spatial resolution of a noninvasive measurement of the arterial and venous input function using a wrist monitor.IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. 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