{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:52:33Z","timestamp":1773031953015,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Photon\u2010counting x\u2010ray detectors may enable single\u2010exposure dual\u2010energy (DE) x\u2010ray\u00a0angiography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to experimentally optimize the energy thresholds and tube voltage for single\u2010exposure DE x\u2010ray\u00a0angiography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We optimized single\u2010exposure DE x\u2010ray angiography using the iodine signal\u2010difference\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (SDNR) per root patient air kerma (\u03ba) as a figure\u00a0of merit. We measured the iodine SDNR by imaging an iodine stepwedge immersed in a water tank with a depth of 30\u00a0cm in the direction of x\u2010ray propagation. The stepwedge was imaged using tube voltages ranging from 90 to 150\u00a0kV and a cadmium telluride (CdTe) x\u2010ray detector with two energy bins and analog charge summing for charge sharing suppression. The energy threshold that separates the two energy bins was varied from approximately 35\u00a0keV to approximately 75% of the maximum energy of the x\u2010ray beam. Curve fitting was used to determine the threshold that maximized . The effect of scatter was determined from measurements of the scatter\u2010to\u2010primary ratios (SPRs) of the low\u2010energy and high\u2010energy images and a semi\u2010empirical model of the relationship between SDNR and SPR. Using the optimal parameters, we imaged a phantom with vessel\u2010simulating structures and background\u00a0clutter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal energy thresholds increased monotonically from \u223c50 to \u223c85\u00a0keV over the range of tube voltages considered. For tube voltages greater than 90\u00a0kV, the optimal energy thresholds consistently allocated approximately two thirds of all detected primary photons to the low energy bin; this ratio was preserved without scatter. Consistent with prior modeling studies,  increased monotonically with tube voltage from 90 to 150\u00a0kV;  at 150\u00a0kV was approximately 38% higher than that at 90\u00a0kV for an iodine area density of \u223c50\u00a0mg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Scatter reduced SDNR by approximately 25% for SPRs of \u223c1 and 0.4 in low\u2010energy and high\u2010energy images, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Achieving optimal image quality in single\u2010exposure DE angiography with photon\u2010counting x\u2010ray detectors will require high tube voltages (i.e.,\u00a0&gt;130\u00a0kV) and, for thick patients, energy thresholds that allocate approximately two thirds of all primary photons to the low\u2010energy image. Future work will compare the image quality of singe\u2010exposure photon\u2010counting and kV\u2010switching approaches to DE x\u2010ray\u00a0angiography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T10:05:25Z","timestamp":1667469925000},"page":"763-777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Experimental optimization of single\u2010exposure dual\u2010energy angiography with photon\u2010counting x\u2010ray detectors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Aubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Tanguay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.308903"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"76\u00a0223L","article-title":"Impact of photon counting detector spectral response on dual energy techniques","volume":"7622","author":"Wang AS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.1982.4336336"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008074100927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.750248"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"Limitations of intravenous digital subtraction angiography","volume":"4","author":"Turski PA","year":"1983","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/21\/5\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01797681"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2198942"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3658728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4962651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/1\/012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/23.958392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2004.832324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2582010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2840841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00591-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","article-title":"Measurements of a dual\u2010energy fast photon counting CDTE detector with integrated charge sharing correction","author":"Ullberg C","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/11\/003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivr108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2777278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2828186"},{"issue":"27122832","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"538","article-title":"Application of 270 mgi\/ml iodinated contrast media in dual\u2010source computed tomography coronary artery imaging","volume":"30","author":"Zhang J","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15196"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2010.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.8984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3352586"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90414-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.2.1.015503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5594\/J12772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.38.000196"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","unstructured":"UllmanG SandborgM DanceDR HuntR CarlssonGA.Distributions of scatter\u2010to\u2010primary ratios in chest pa radiography using grid or air gap for scatter rejection. PhD Thesis Linkoping University;2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","article-title":"Optimal energy thresholds and weights for separating materials using photon counting x\u2010ray detectors with energy discriminating capabilities","volume":"7258","author":"Wang AS","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abc5a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12517"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/15\/08\/T08005"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16079","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.16079","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:23:57Z","timestamp":1692577437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.16079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.16079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16079","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}