{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:09:54Z","timestamp":1780506594014,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multi\u2010axis ionization chamber arrays can be used for quality assurance (QA) and measurement of linear accelerator (linac) specific data. In this work, the ability of the IC Profiler (Sun Nuclear Corp., Melbourne, Florida) detector array to measure the photon beam quality specifier %dd(10) and TPR<jats:sub>20, 10<\/jats:sub> was investigated. To investigate the method for beam energy QA using a two\u2010dimensional detector array, a Monte Carlo\u2010based model of the detector array was developed and validated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A Monte Carlo\u2010based model of the IC Profiler detector array with Quad Wedge accessories was developed in detail from drawings provided by the manufacturer using the egs++ class library from the EGSnrc code system. Monte Carlo simulations were used to calculate the absorbed dose in the 251 ionization chambers of the IC profiler in the 6 MV Elekta Precise radiation field. To validate the results from the Monte Caro simulations, measurements were performed on clinical 6 MV linacs. To vary the photon beam quality of the Elekta 6 MV linac, the current of the bending magnet was varied. Furthermore, the area ratio  was calculated from IC Profiler measurements with the Quad Wedge\u00a0accessories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurements as well as Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the linear relationship between the area ratio  and the investigated photon beam quality specifier %dd(10) and TPR<jats:sub>20, 10<\/jats:sub> for the investigated radiation source. Furthermore, the Monte Carlo\u2010simulated data were within the 95% confidence interval of the linear fit to the measured data. This enabled the Monte Carlo\u2010based IC Profiler model to be used for further investigations. The  values were calculated for various electron beam sizes and the angle of incidence on the target of the\u00a0linac.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A Monte\u2010Carlo\u2010based model of the detector array was developed, which could successfully reproduce measurements, demonstrating that even very complex geometries can be modeled in EGSnrc. Moreover, the study showed that the validated Monte Carlo model has the potential to investigate variations in beam parameters and their effects on <jats:italic>AR<\/jats:italic> ratios and %dd(10) that may not be investigated experimentally. While these findings may help users gain a deeper understanding of the QA method, the Monte Carlo model enables other complex investigations, such as the simulation of measurements in the presence of magnetic fields, or the simulation of measurements on novel treatment delivery techniques and\u00a0devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T01:24:15Z","timestamp":1672968255000},"page":"2552-2559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation of an EGSnrc\u2010based Monte Carlo model for a complex 2D\u2010array for technical QA measurements of a linear accelerator"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Damian","family":"Czarnecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection University of Applied Sciences Giessen (THM) Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Zink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection University of Applied Sciences Giessen (THM) Giessen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg Marburg Germany"},{"name":"Marburg Ionbeam Therapy Center (MIT) Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Alissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection University of Applied Sciences Giessen (THM) Giessen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Flatten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection University of Applied Sciences Giessen (THM) Giessen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg Marburg Germany"},{"name":"Marburg Ionbeam Therapy Center (MIT) Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Espelage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiologie Vechta Vechta Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas A.","family":"Schoenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sun Nuclear Corporation Melbourne Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598691"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"AndreoP BurnsDT HohlfeldK et\u00a0al.Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy: An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry Based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water. Technical Reports Series No. 398.International Atomic Energy Agency;2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3190392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i6.5752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3442028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"KawrakowI RogersDWO Mainegra\u2010HingE TessierF TownsonRW WaltersBRB.EGSnrc toolkit for Monte Carlo simulation of ionizing radiation transport doi:10.4224\/40001303[release v2021] (2000)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12702"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"KawrakowI Mainegra\u2010HingE TessierF WalterBRB.The EGSnrc C++ Class Library. NRC Report PIRS\u2010898 (rev A).2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2874554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"RogersDWO WaltersB KawrakowI.BEAMnrc Users Manual. 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