{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:16:19Z","timestamp":1789010179711,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The machine\u2010specific reference (msr) correction factors () were introduced in International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Report Series 483 (TRS\u2010483) for reference dosimetry of small fields. Several correction factor sets exist for a Leksell Gamma Knife (GK) Perfexion or Icon. Nevertheless, experiments have not rigorously validated the correction factors from different studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to assess the role and accuracy of  values in determining the absorbed dose rates to water in the reference dosimetry of Gamma Knife.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dose rates in the 16\u00a0mm collimator field of a GK were determined following the international code of practices with three ionization chambers: PTW T31010, PTW T31016 (PTW Freiberg GmbH, New York, NY), and Exradin A16 (Standard Imaging, Inc., Middleton, WI). A chamber was placed at the center of a solid water phantom (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) using a detector\u2010specific insert. The reference point of the ionization chamber was confirmed using cone\u2010beam CT images. Consistency checks were repeated five times at a GK site and performed once at seven GK sites. Correction factors from six simulations reported in previous studies were employed. Variations in the dose rates and relative dose rates before and after applying the  were statistically compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The standard deviation of the dose rates measured by the three chambers decreased significantly after any correction method was applied (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.000). When the correction factors of all studies were averaged, the standard deviation was reduced significantly more than when any single correction method was applied (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.030), except for the IAEA TRS\u2010483 correction factors (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.148). Before any correction was applied, there were statistically significant differences among the relative dose rates measured by the three chambers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.000). None of the single correction methods could remove the differences among the ionization chambers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.038). After TRS\u2010483 correction, the dose rate of Exradin A16 differed from those of the other two chambers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.025). After the averaged factors were applied, there were no statistically significant differences between any pairs of chambers according to Scheffe's post hoc analyses (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.051); however, PTW T31010 differed from PTW 31016 according to Tukey's HSD analyses (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.040).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The  significantly reduced variations in the dose rates measured by the three ionization chambers. The mean correction factors of the six simulations produced the most consistent results, but this finding was not explicitly proven in the statistical analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T10:29:31Z","timestamp":1674728971000},"page":"3816-3824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Consistency of dose rates after applying machine\u2010specific reference correction factors for the gamma knife 16\u00a0mm collimator field"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Yona","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accelerator Science Korea University Sejong Campus  Sejong Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kook Jin","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accelerator Science Korea University Sejong Campus  Sejong Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun San","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accelerator Science Korea University Sejong Campus  Sejong Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungbae","family":"Bahng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accelerator Science Korea University Sejong Campus  Sejong Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Jeong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering Hanyang University College of Engineering  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyu Seok","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Radiological Physics &amp; Engineering Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyoun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Radiological Physics &amp; Engineering Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Chan","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Device Development Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun\u2010Tai","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Device Development Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3005481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4934376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"JohanssonJ GorkaB NovotnyJ et\u00a0al.Plenary Oral Presentation at the 16th International Meeting of the Leksell Gamma Knife\u00ae Society.Sydney;2012:6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12821"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa8590"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3938\/jkps.73.1814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SchaarschmidtT.GEANT4\u2010based Monte Carlo simulation of beam quality correction factors for the Leksell Gamma Knife\u00ae Perfexion\u2122. Thesis for the doctor of philosophy;2019","DOI":"10.3938\/jkps.73.1814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab6953"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.07.002"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16242","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.16242","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T08:33:04Z","timestamp":1692433984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.16242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.16242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16242","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}