{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T08:50:38Z","timestamp":1782982238595,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12205376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12205376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z201100006820058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z201100006820058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In radiation treatments for head and neck tumors, cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) is employed for patient positioning and dose calculation of adaptive radiotherapy. However, the quality of CBCT is degraded by the scatter and noise, majorly impacting the accuracy of patient positioning and dose calculation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To improve the quality of CBCT for patients with head and neck cancer, a projection\u2010domain CBCT correction method was proposed using a cycle\u2010consistent generative adversarial network (cycle\u2010GAN) and a nonlocal means filter (NLMF) based on a reference digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cycle\u2010GAN was initially trained to learn mapping from CBCT projections to a DRR using the data obtained from 30 patients. For each patient, 671 CBCT projections were measured for CBCT reconstruction. Moreover, 360 Digital Reconstructed Radiographs (DRR) were computed from each patient's planning computed tomography (CT), whose projection angles ranged from 0\u00b0 to 359\u00b0 with an interval of 1\u00b0. By applying the trained generator of the cycle\u2010GAN to the unseen CBCT projection, a synthetic DRR with considerably less scatter was obtained. However, annular artifacts were observed in the CBCT reconstructed with synthetic DRR. To address this issue, a NLMF based on reference DRR was used to further correct the synthetic DRR, which corrected the synthetic DRR using the calculated DRR as a reference image. Finally, the CBCT with no annular artifact and little noise was reconstructed with the corrected synthetic DRR. The proposed method was tested using the data of six patients. The corrected synthetic DRR and CBCT were compared with the corresponding real DRR and CT images. The structural preservation ability of the proposed method was evaluated using the Dice coefficients of the automatically extracted nasal cavity. Moreover, the image quality of CBCT corrected with the proposed method was objectively assessed with an five\u2010point human scoring system and compared with CT, original CBCT and CBCT corrected with other strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean absolute value (MAE) of the relative error between the corrected synthetic and real DRR was &lt;8%. The MAE between the corrected CBCT and corresponding CT was &lt;30 HU. Moreover, the Dice coefficient of nasal cavity between the corrected CBCT image and the original image exceeded 98.8 for all the patients. Last but not least, the objective assessment of image quality showed the proposed method had an average score of 4.2 in overall image quality, which was higher than that of the original CBCT, CBCT reconstructed with synthetic DRR, and CBCT reconstructed with projections filtered with NLMF only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed method can considerably improve the CBCT image quality with little anatomical distortion, improving the accuracy of radiotherapy for head and neck patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T03:10:03Z","timestamp":1680491403000},"page":"5045-5060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A projection\u2010domain correction method in CBCT reconstruction for head and neck radiotherapy using cycle\u2010GAN and nonlocal means filter"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Ran","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Hebei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Langfang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Hebei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences  Langfang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bining","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo","family":"Men","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianrong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4801895"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1339879"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3483260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab22f9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac6725"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ijmpcero.2017.64032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3130047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BertramM SattelT HohmannS WiegertJ Monte\u2010Carlo scatter correction for cone\u2010beam computed tomography with limited scan field\u2010ofview. In:Proc. SPIE 6913 Medical Imaging 2008: Physics of Medical Imaging 69131Y.2008. doi:10.1117\/12.771103","DOI":"10.1117\/12.771103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3599033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4875978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3589140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4943796"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac1d1f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050710"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac27b6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921\u2010018\u20100507\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/18\/011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aab68d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab4d8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.884636"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/22\/007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14624"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2715284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/489\/1\/012079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971\u20106203.139001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2009.2035616"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhuJY ParkT IsolaP EfrosAA Unpaired image\u2010to\u2010image translation using cycle\u2010consistent adversarial networks.Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.2017:2223\u20102232.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HeK ZhangX RenS SunJ Deep residual learning for image recognition.Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.2016:770\u2010778.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IsolaP ZhuJ ZhouT EfrosAA Image\u2010to\u2010image translation with conditional adversarial networks.Paper presented at:2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR); July21\u201026 2017.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.632"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23915\/distill.00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KinoshitaY KiyaH Fixed Smooth Convolutional Layer for Avoiding Checkerboard Artifacts in CNNS ICASSP 2020 \u2010 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP).2020:3712\u20103716. doi:10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9054096","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9054096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhouS ZhangY CaoG WangJ Generating adversarial examples by distributed upsampling. InInternational Conference on Neural Information Processing.Springer;Cham2021:177\u2010189.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92185-9_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WIFS47025.2019.9035107"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16322","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T14:53:19Z","timestamp":1755874399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.16322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.16322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16322","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}