{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:22:29Z","timestamp":1789471349262,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infectious disease outbreaks have always presented challenges to the operation of healthcare systems. In particular, the treatment of cancer patients within Radiation Oncology often cannot be delayed or compromised due to infection control measures. Therefore, there is a need for a strategic approach to simultaneously managing infection control and radiotherapy risks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a systematic risk management method that uses mathematical models to design mitigation efforts for control of an infectious disease outbreak, while ensuring safe delivery of radiotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A two\u2010stage failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) approach is proposed to modify radiotherapy workflow during an infectious disease outbreak. In stage 1, an Infection Control FMEA (IC\u2010FMEA) is conducted, where risks are evaluated based on environmental parameters, clinical interactions, and modeling of infection risk. occupancy risk index (ORI) is defined as a metric for infection transmission risk level in each room, based on the degree of occupancy. ORI, in combination with ventilation rate per person (<jats:italic>R<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>), is used to provide a broad infection risk assessment of workspaces. For detailed IC\u2010FMEA of clinical processes, infection control failure mode (ICFM) is defined to be any instance of disease transmission within the clinic. Infection risk priority number (IRPN) has been formulated as a function of time, distance, and degree of protective measures. Infection control measures are then systematically integrated into the workflow.\u00a0Since the workflow is perturbed by infection control measures, there is a possibility of introducing new radiotherapy failure modes or increased likelihood of existing failure modes. Therefore, in stage 2, a conventional radiotherapy FMEA (RT\u2010FMEA) should be performed on the adjusted workflow.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic was used to illustrate stage 1 IC\u2010FMEA. ORI and R<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> values were calculated for various workspaces within a clinic. A deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) CT simulation was used as an example to demonstrate detailed IC\u2010FMEA with ICFM identification and IRPN evaluation. A total of 90 ICFMs were identified in the DIBH simulation process. The calculated IRPN values were found to be progressively decreasing for workflows with minimal, moderate, and enhanced levels of protective measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The framework developed in this work provides tools for radiotherapy clinics to systematically assess risk and adjust workflows during the evolving circumstances of any infectious disease outbreak.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]],"date-time":"2023-02-26T12:38:30Z","timestamp":1677415110000},"page":"2683-2694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A novel approach to infectious disease control and radiotherapy risk management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Naveed M.","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shada J.","family":"Wadi\u2010Ramahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Lalonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanvir","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"diMayorca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Clump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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