{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:27:40Z","timestamp":1790612860661,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monte Carlo particle simulation has become the primary tool for designing low\u2010energy miniature x\u2010ray tubes due to the difficulties of physically prototyping these devices and characterizing their radiation fields. Accurate simulation of electronic interactions within their targets is necessary for modeling both photon production and heat transfer. Voxel\u2010averaging can conceal hot spots in the target heat deposition profile that can threaten the integrity of the tube.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research seeks a computationally\u2010efficient method of estimating voxel\u2010averaging error in energy deposition simulations of electron beams penetrating thin targets to inform the appropriate scoring resolution for a desired accuracy level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An analytical model to estimate voxel\u2010averaging along the target depth was developed and compared to results from Geant4 via its wrapper, TOPAS. A 200\u00a0keV planar electron beam was simulated to impinge tungsten targets of thicknesses between 1.5\u2010 and 12.5\u2010. For each target, the model was used to calculate the energy deposition ratio between voxels of varying sizes centered on the longitudinal midpoint of the target. Model\u2010calculated ratios were compared to simulation outputs to gauge the model's accuracy. Then, the model was used to approximate the error between the point value of electron energy deposition and a voxel\u2010based measurement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The model underestimates error to within 5% for targets less than 7.5\u2010 in thickness with increasing error for greater thicknesses. For the 1.5\u2010 target, calculations of the point\u2010vs.\u2010voxel energy deposition show an 11% averaging effect between the midpoint and a 1.5\u2010 voxel. Energy deposition profiles along the target depth were also calculated in the Monte Carlo for reference.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A simple analytical model was developed with reasonable accuracy to guide Monte Carlo users in estimating the appropriate depth\u2010voxel size for thin\u2010target x\u2010ray tube simulations. This methodology can be adapted for other radiological contexts to increase robustness in point\u2010value estimations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T21:54:37Z","timestamp":1678398877000},"page":"4637-4644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Technical note: Dose voxel resolution determination for Monte Carlo electron beam simulation in thin targets"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Benjamin Abraham","family":"Insley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics, Unit 1420 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk Alan","family":"Bartkoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empyrean Medical Systems, Inc.  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Salehpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics, Unit 1420 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.9.095014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2016.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.6.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1556\u2010276X\u20107\u2010258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u20100221\/8\/03\/T03005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/26\/3\/008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Radiological Physics","author":"Attix FH","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"ESTAR, PSTAR, and ASTAR: Computer Programs for Calculating Stopping\u2010Power and Range Tables for Electrons, Protons, and Helium Ions (version 1.2.3)","author":"Berger MJ","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4758060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.03.019"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16344","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.16344","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16344","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T21:00:43Z","timestamp":1692219643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.16344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.16344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16344","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}