{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T10:29:50Z","timestamp":1769250590474,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In\u2010situ range verification of particle therapy based on the detection of secondary emitted radiation requires highly accurate assignment of elemental concentrations (particularly carbon and oxygen) in the human body.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>A method for quantitatively predicting carbon and oxygen concentrations in human soft tissues is proposed. This method relies on an empirical one\u2010to\u2010one correspondence between the mass fraction and water content (WC), which is a measurable tissue quantity based on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (referred to as \u201cMRWC\u2010based method\u201d).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A numerical analysis of the MRWC\u2010based method was performed for 47 standard human soft tissues tabulated in the literature as objects of interest with unknown mass fractions of the four main elements\u2014C, O, H, and N. Thereafter, the method was evaluated in terms of the mass\u2010fraction quantification accuracy by comparing it with the gold\u2010standard CT\u2010based method developed by Schneider et\u00a0al. The MRWC\u2010based method was also applied to the MR imaging data of a virtual head phantom obtained from a three\u2010dimensional MRI\u2010simulated brain database.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The predicted mass fractions in a range of human soft tissues were in better agreement with the reference values than those predicted by the CT\u2010based method. The mean absolute errors of the predicted mass% values for the overall standard soft tissues could be reduced from 4.8 percentage points (pp) (CT\u2010based) to 0.5 pp (MRWC\u2010based) for carbon and from 5.2 pp (CT\u2010based) to 0.4 pp (MRWC\u2010based) for oxygen. The application to the simulated MRI data confirmed the capability of the sufficient recognition of the boundaries between the white matter and gray matter in the brain that could not be realized by the CT\u2010based method. Thus, the MRWC\u2010based method exhibits superior performance in the prediction of carbon and oxygen concentrations in soft tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is limited to a proof\u2010of\u2010concept scope but demonstrates the feasibility of the MRWC\u2010based method for the generation of elemental images of human soft tissues from MRI\u2010derived water\u2010content images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T07:27:34Z","timestamp":1678778854000},"page":"5671-5681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["MRI\u2010based quantification of carbon and oxygen concentrations in human soft tissues for range verification in proton therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Technology School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Niigata University  Niigata 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