{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:43:23Z","timestamp":1772642603942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62001075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>As an emerging hybrid imaging modality, microwave\u2010induced thermoacoustic imaging (MITAI) provides high contrast and deep tissue penetration, and has been extensively applied in cancer diagnosis, arthritis detection, and brain research. However, the previous studies had a limited spatial resolution of about 0.45\u20131.5\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we describe a microwave\u2010induced thermoacoustic microscopy (MITAM) system to help overcome the resolution limitation of current MITAI to image more subtle tissue features. On this basis, this paper applies MITAM to the thin skin and to demonstrate the potential of MITAM in detecting scleroderma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To achieve high resolution, short pulse width microwave (pulse width: 70\u00a0ns) and high\u2010frequency ultrasonic point\u2010focused transducer (center frequency: 25\u00a0MHz) were used to build the MITAM system. Two parallel copper wires with a diameter of 90\u00a0\u03bcm in the X\/Y plane and Y\/Z plane were imaged to estimate X\/Y\/Z resolution. Nine Balb\/c mice were randomly divided into three groups and injected with different concentrations of bleomycin to induce scleroderma models. Their ex vivo skins were then imaged by our MITAM system. Visual observations were performed on the 3\u2010dimensional skins MITAM images. And the mean value, Standard deviation, quartile distance, and signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio were calculated to verify the results of the qualitative observations. Hematoxylin\u2010Eosin (HE) and Masson staining were used to validate the findings of the MITAM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The thickness of each imaged skin was measured to be about 450\u00a0\u03bcm. As an organ composed of multiple layers of tissues, the skin needs to be imaged at high resolution for the detection of related diseases. The results obtained showed that the improved resolution (68\u00a0\u03bcm in the Z\u2010axis and 135\u00a0\u03bcm in the X\u2010axis\/Y\u2010axis) of MITAM over conventional MITAI allowed us to differentiate scleroderma skins from normal skins and to identify the severity of scleroderma skins, consistent with the pathological findings of these skins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The preliminary results obtained indicate that the MITAM can relieve the resolution limitation of traditional MITAI and has the potential to detection scleroderma. However, the transmission\u2010type MITAM mentioned in this paper is difficult to image in vivo due to the narrow area between the antenna and the transducer. In the future, a reflective scanning MITAM will be constructed to detect scleroderma in vivo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T15:36:15Z","timestamp":1689262575000},"page":"6036-6046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Microwave\u2010induced thermoacoustic microscopy based on short\u2010pulse microwave and high\u2010frequency point\u2010focused ultrasonic transducer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Qiuchao","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihui","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and 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