{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:15:49Z","timestamp":1790705749273,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dual\u2010energy (DE) imaging techniques in cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) have potential clinical applications, including material quantification and improved tissue visualization. However, the performance of DE CBCT is limited by the effects of scattered radiation, which restricts its use to small object imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the feasibility of DE CBCT material decomposition by reducing scatter with a 2D anti\u2010scatter grid and a measurement\u2010based scatter correction method. Specifically, the investigation focuses on iodine quantification accuracy and virtual monoenergetic (VME) imaging in phantoms that mimic head, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis anatomies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 2D anti\u2010scatter grid prototype was utilized with a residual scatter correction method in a linac\u2010mounted CBCT system to investigate the effects of robust scatter suppression in DE CBCT. Scans were acquired at 90 and 140\u00a0kVp using phantoms that mimic head, thorax, and abdomen\/pelvis anatomies. Iodine vials with varying concentrations were placed in each phantom, and CBCT images were decomposed into iodine and water basis material images. The effect of a 2D anti\u2010scatter grid with and without residual scatter correction on iodine concentration quantification and contrast visualization in VME images was evaluated. To benchmark iodine concentration quantification accuracy, a similar set of experiments and DE processing were also performed with a conventional multidetector CT scanner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In CBCT images, a 2D grid with or without scatter correction can differentiate iodine and water after DE processing in human torso\u2010sized phantom images. However, iodine quantification errors were up to 10\u00a0mg\/mL in pelvis phantoms when only the 2D grid was used. Adding scatter correction to 2D\u2010grid CBCT reduced iodine quantification errors below 1.5\u00a0mg\/mL in pelvis phantoms, comparable to iodine quantification errors in multidetector CT. While a noticeable contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio improvement was not observed in VME CBCT images, contrast visualization was substantially better in 40\u00a0keV VME images in visual comparisons with 90 and 140\u00a0kVp CBCT images across all phantom sizes investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study indicates that accurate DE decomposition is potentially feasible in DE CBCT of the human torso if robust scatter suppression is achieved with 2D anti\u2010scatter grids and residual scatter correction. This approach can potentially enable better contrast visualization and tissue and contrast agent quantification in various CBCT applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T13:50:18Z","timestamp":1689947418000},"page":"334-347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Feasibility of dual\u2010energy CBCT material decomposition in the human torso with 2D anti\u2010scatter grids and grid\u2010based scatter sampling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Cem","family":"Altunbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11100978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4863598"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4802734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14131925"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZbijewskiW SisniegaA StaymanJ et\u00a0al.Dual\u2010energy imaging of bone marrow edema on a dedicated multi\u2010source cone\u2010beam CT system for the extremities.Paper presented at: Medical Imaging 2015: Physics of Medical Imaging 2015.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2082304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2019.1629010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2011.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13468"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab5c35"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JonesBL AltunbasC KavanaghB SchefterT MiftenM Optimized dynamic contrast\u2010enhanced cone\u2010beam CT for target visualization during liver SBRT. Paper presented at:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2014.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/489\/1\/012035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4962929"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14894"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"M\u00fcllerK AhmadM SpahnM et\u00a0al.Towards material decomposition on large field\u2010of\u2010view flat panel photon\u2010counting detectors\u2014first in\u2010vivo results. Paper presented at:Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Image Formation in X\u2010Ray Computed Tomography 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12517"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2021.3095419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3301615"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhaoC LiuSZ WangW et\u00a0al.Effects of x\u2010ray scatter in quantitative dual\u2010energy imaging using dual\u2010layer flat panel detectors. Paper presented at:Medical Imaging 2021: Physics of Medical Imaging 2021.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2581822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abebab"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ac4e2e"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JiangX CuiH LiuZ ZhuL Residual W\u2010shape network (ResWnet) for dual\u2010energy cone\u2010beam CT imaging. Paper presented at:7th International Conference on Image Formation in X\u2010Ray Computed Tomography 2022.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2646505"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac7b09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WangAS Single\u2010shot quantitative x\u2010ray imaging from simultaneous scatter and dual energy measurements: a simulation study. Paper presented at:Medical Imaging 2021: Physics of Medical Imaging 2021.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2580728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.2970296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12724"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YuZ ParkY AltunbasC Simultaneous scatter rejection and correction method using 2D antiscatter grids for CBCT. Paper presented at:Medical Imaging 2020: Physics of Medical Imaging 2020.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2549763"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14681"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac8268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab4af4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14756"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.535471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/2\/5\/055010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1489043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShiL BennettNR ShapiroE et\u00a0al.Comparative study of dual energy cone\u2010beam CT using a dual\u2010layer detector and kVp switching for material decomposition. Paper presented at:Medical Imaging 2020: Physics of Medical Imaging 2020.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2549781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4893278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2019.07.013"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T20:54:06Z","timestamp":1705611246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.16611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.16611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16611","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}