{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T20:23:40Z","timestamp":1777062220110,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The feasibility of oral dark contrast media is under exploration in abdominal computed tomography (CT) applications. One of the experimental contrast media in this class is dark borosilicate contrast media (DBCM), which has a CT attenuation lower than that of intra\u2010abdominal fat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the performances of DBCM using single\u2010 and multi\u2010energy CT imaging on a clinical photon\u2010counting\u2010detector CT (PCD\u2010CT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five vials, three with iodinated contrast agent (5, 10, and 20\u00a0mg\/mL; Omnipaque 350) and two with DBCM (6% and 12%; Nextrast, Inc.), and one solid\u2010water rod (neutral contrast agent) were inserted into two multi\u2010energy CT phantoms, and scanned on a clinical PCD\u2010CT system (NAEOTOM Alpha) at 90, 120, 140, Sn100, and Sn140 kV (Sn: tin filter) in multi\u2010energy mode. CARE keV IQ level was 180 (CTDIvol: 3.0 and 12.0 mGy for the small and large phantoms, respectively). Low\u2010energy threshold images were reconstructed with a quantitative kernel (Qr40, iterative reconstruction strength 2) and slice thickness\/increment of 2.0\/2.0\u00a0mm. Virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) were reconstructed from 40 to 140\u00a0keV at 10\u00a0keV increments. On all images, average CT numbers for each vial\/rod were measured using circular region\u2010of\u2010interests and averaged over eight slices. The contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (CNR) of iodine (5\u00a0mg\/mL) against DBCM was calculated and plotted against tube potential and VMI energy level, and compared to the CNR of iodine against water. Similar analyses were performed on iodine maps and VNC images derived from the multi\u2010energy scan at 120\u00a0kV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>With increasing kV or VMI keV, the negative HU of DBCM decreased only slightly, whereas the positive HU of iodine decreased across all contrast concentrations and phantom sizes. CT numbers for DBCM decreased from \u2212178.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.6 to \u2212194.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.3 HU (small phantom) and from \u2212181.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015.7 to \u2212192.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.9 HU (large phantom) for DBCM\u201012% from 90 to Sn140 kV; on VMIs, the CT numbers for DBCM decreased minimally from \u2212147.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015.7 to \u2212185.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.2 HU (small phantom) and \u2212158.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028.6 to \u2212188.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.7 HU (large phantom) from 40 to 70\u00a0keV, but remained stable from 80 to 140\u00a0keV. The highest iodine CNR against DBCM in low\u2010energy threshold images was seen at 90 or Sn140 kV for the small phantom, whereas all CNR values from low\u2010energy threshold images for the large phantom were comparable. The CNR values of iodine against DBCM computed on VMIs were highest at 40 or 70\u00a0keV depending on iodine and DBCM concentrations. The CNR values of iodine against DBCM were consistently higher than iodine to water (up to 460% higher dependent on energy level). Further, the CNR of iodine compared to DBCM is less affected by VMI energy level than the identical comparison between iodine and water: CNR values at 140\u00a0keV were reduced by 46.6% (small phantom) or 42.6% (large phantom) compared to 40\u00a0keV; CNR values for iodine compared to water were reduced by 86.3% and 83.8% for similar phantom sizes, respectively. Compared to 70\u00a0keV VMI, the iodine CNR against DBCM was 13%\u201379% lower on iodine maps and VNC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>When evaluated at different tube potentials and VMI energy levels using a clinical PCD\u2010CT system, DBCM showed consistently higher CNR compared to iodine versus water (a neutral contrast).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T20:10:10Z","timestamp":1693944610000},"page":"6779-6788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of single\u2010 and multi\u2010energy CT performance of an oral dark borosilicate contrast media using a clinical photon\u2010counting\u2010detector CT platform"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEXTRAST, INC.  Hillsborough California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEXTRAST, INC.  Hillsborough California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey F.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy N.","family":"Winfree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin A.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kishore","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia H.","family":"McCollough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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