{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:16:04Z","timestamp":1789060564770,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M2E8A1048108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M2E8A1048108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quality assurance (QA) is a prerequisite for safe and accurate pencil\u2010beam proton therapy. Conventional measurement\u2010based patient\u2010specific QA (pQA) can only verify limited aspects of patient treatment and is labor\u2010intensive. Thus, a better method is needed to ensure the integrity of the treatment plan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Line scanning, which involves continuous and rapid delivery of pencil beams, is a state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art proton therapy technique. Machine performance in delivering scanning protons is dependent on the complexity of the beam modulations. Moreover, it contributes to patient treatment accuracy. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation\u2010based QA method that reflects the uncertainty related to the machine during scanning beam delivery was developed and verified for clinical applications to pQA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Herein, a tool for particle simulation (TOPAS) for nozzle modeling was used, and the code was commissioned against the measurements. To acquire the beam delivery uncertainty for each plan, patient plans were delivered. Furthermore, log files recorded every 60 \u03bcs by the monitors downstream of the nozzle were exported from the treatment control system. The spot positions and monitor unit (MU) counts in the log files were converted to dipole magnet strengths and number of particles, respectively, and entered into the TOPAS. For the 68 clinical cases, MC simulations were performed in a solid water phantom, and two\u2010dimensional (2D) absolute dose distributions at 20\u2010mm depth were measured using an ionization chamber array (Octavius 1500, PTW, Freiburg, Germany). Consequently, the MC\u2010simulated 2D dose distributions were compared with the measured data, and the dose distributions in the pre\u2010treatment QA plan created with RayStation (RaySearch Laboratories, Stockholm, Sweden). Absolute dose comparisons were made using gamma analysis with 3%\/3\u00a0mm and 2%\/2\u00a0mm criteria for 47 clinical cases without considering daily machine output variation in the MC simulation and 21 cases with daily output variation, respectively. All cases were analyzed with 90% or 95% of passing rate thresholds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For 47 clinical cases not considering daily output variations, the absolute gamma passing rates compared with the pre\u2010treatment QA plan were 99.71% and 96.97%, and the standard deviations (SD) were 0.70% and 3.78% with the 3%\/3\u00a0mm or 2%\/2\u00a0mm criteria, respectively. Compared with the measurements, the passing rate of 2%\/2\u00a0mm gamma criterion was 96.76% with 3.99% of SD. For the 21 clinical cases compared with pre\u2010treatment QA plan data and measurements considering daily output variations, the 2%\/2\u00a0mm absolute gamma analysis result was 98.52% with 1.43% of SD and 97.67% with 2.72% of SD, respectively. With a 95% passing rate threshold of 2%\/2\u00a0mm criterion, the false\u2010positive and false\u2010negative were 21.8% and 8.3% for without and with considering output variation, respectively. With a 90% threshold, the false\u2010positive and false\u2010negative reduced to 11.4% and 0% for without and with considering output variation, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A log\u2010file\u2010based MC simulation method for patient QA of line\u2010scanning proton therapy was successfully developed. The proposed method exhibited clinically acceptable accuracy, thereby exhibiting a potential to replace the measurement\u2010based dosimetry QA method with a 90% gamma passing rate threshold when applying the 2%\/2\u00a0mm criterion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T20:03:31Z","timestamp":1695845011000},"page":"7139-7153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Monte Carlo simulation\u2010based patient\u2010specific QA using machine log files for line\u2010scanning proton radiation therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Chanil","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology SAIHST Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhyeop","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology SAIHST Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungwook","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonjoong","family":"Cheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunghwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwanghyun","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngyih","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology SAIHST Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"196","article-title":"Improving the precision and performance of proton pencil beam scanning","volume":"1","author":"Safai S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b22053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13622"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/5\/019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nci259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3476458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ArdenforsO DasuA Kope\u0107M GudowskaI.Modelling of a proton spot scanning system using MCNP6. 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