{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:28:12Z","timestamp":1790760492320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000001","name":"Alberta Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microwave imaging has been proposed for medical applications, creating maps related to water content of tissues. Breast imaging has emerged as a key application because the signals can be coupled directly into the breast and experience limited attenuation in fatty tissues. While the literature contains reports of tumor detection with microwave approaches, there is limited exploration of treatment\u00a0monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to detect treatment\u2010related changes in breast tissue with a low\u2010resolution microwave\u00a0scanner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microwave scans of 15 patients undergoing treatment for early\u2010stage breast cancer are collected at up to 4 time points: after surgery (baseline), 6 weeks after accelerated partial breast radiation, as well as 1 and 2 years post\u2010treatment. Both the treated and untreated breast are scanned at each time point. The microwave scanner consists of planar transmit and receive arrays and uses signals from 0.1 to 10 GHz. The average microwave frequency properties (permittivity) are calculated for each scan to enable quantitative comparison. Baseline and 6\u2010week results are analyzed with a two\u2010way ANOVA with\u00a0blocking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consistent properties are observed for the untreated breast over time, similar to a previous study. Comparison of the scans of the treated and untreated breast suggests increased properties related to treatment, particularly at baseline and 6\u2010weeks following radiotherapy. Analysis of the average properties of the scans with ANOVA indicates statistically significant differences () in the treated and untreated breast at these time\u00a0points.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microwave imaging has the potential to track treatment\u2010related changes in breast\u00a0tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T05:05:59Z","timestamp":1696655159000},"page":"7118-7129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Microwave imaging for monitoring breast cancer treatment: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Katrin","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Software Engineering University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremie","family":"Bourqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Software Engineering University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zefang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Software Engineering University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon","family":"Besler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Software Engineering University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lesiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tom Baker Cancer Centre  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Roumeliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences Johns Hopkins Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Quirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Grendarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"BC Cancer Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tom Baker Cancer Centre  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Software Engineering University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobbie","family":"Docktor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Fear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Software Engineering University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Alberta Health Services.Adjuvant radiation therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ. Accessed August 26 2022.2015.https:\/\/www.albertahealthservices.ca\/assets\/info\/hp\/cancer\/if\u2010hp\u2010cancer\u2010guide\u2010br006\u2010adjuvant\u2010rt\u2010dcis.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445\u20102197.2006.03949.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432\u2010015\u20101974\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13566\u2010018\u20100359\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2809541"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2255884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2403834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2021.3060597"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2586486"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"439","article-title":"Pathway to demonstrating clinical efficacy of microwave breast imaging: qualitative and quantitative performance assessment","volume":"6","author":"Porter E","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE JERM"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030533"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2021.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2255884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2006.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2432060286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2465867"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2806878"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2021.3099014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32515-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181aee807"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.04.1927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2012.2235814"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SmithK BeslerB FearE.Data\u2010adaptive filtering approach for microwave breast imaging: consistency of volunteer scans.IEEE 19th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics.Winnipeg Canada August\u00a02021. doi:10.1109\/ANTEM51107.2021.9518680","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTEM51107.2021.9518680"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2017.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"SmithK.Microwave imaging for monitoring changes: improvements to images and application of analysis tools. MSc thesis.University of Calgary;2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.07.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167\u20108140(97)00234\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP51087.2021.9410955"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2022.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517\u2010021\u201002339\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11219998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3291076"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16756","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T17:49:47Z","timestamp":1699379387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.16756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.16756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16756","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}