{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:34:45Z","timestamp":1780594485917,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glass <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>Y microspheres are produced with known radionuclide impurities. These impurities are not independently monitored. Clinical instruments, including ionization chamber dose calibrators and positron emmission tomography (PET) cameras, can be much more sensitive in detecting signals from these impurities than to signals from <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>Y itself.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The \u201ctypical\u201d levels of <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>Y impurities have been studied to assess their impact on dosimetry during internal implantation, and for the management of waste. However, unaccounted\u2010for decay spectra of impurities can also have an impact on dose calibrator and PET readings. Thus, even what might be considered negligibly small impurity fractions, can in principle cause substantial overestimates of the amount of <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>Y activity present in a sample. To our knowledge, quantitative effects of radionuclide impurities in glass microspheres on activity measurements have not been documented in the field. As activity quantitation for dosimetry and its correlations with outcome becomes more prevalent, the effects of impurities on measurements may remain unaccounted for in dosimetry studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this letter, we review theoretical and physical considerations that will result in asymmetric errors in quantitation from <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>Y impurities and estimate their typical and potential impact on clinical utilization. Among the common impurities <jats:sup>88<\/jats:sup>Y is of particular concern for its impact on <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>Y dose measurements because of its decay characteristics, along with other isotopes <jats:sup>91<\/jats:sup>Y and <jats:sup>46<\/jats:sup>Sc which can also impact measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The typical level of <jats:sup>88<\/jats:sup>Y impurities reported by the manufacturer should only cause small errors in dose calibrator and PET measurements made within the 12\u2010day label\u2010specified use\u2010by period, up to 2.0% and 1.6%, respectively. However, the product specification max allowable impurity levels, specified by the manufacturer, leave open the potential for much greater bias from within the 12\u2010day use\u2010by period, potentially as high as 13.2% for dose calibrator measurements and 10.6% for PET from the <jats:sup>88<\/jats:sup>Y impurities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While typical levels of impurities appear to have acceptable impact on patient absorbed dose, it should be noted that they can have adverse effects on <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>Y radioactivity measurements. Furthermore, there is currently minimal independent verification and\/or monitoring of impurity levels within the field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T19:40:10Z","timestamp":1699904410000},"page":"2306-2310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Technical Note: Impact of impurities on Yttrium\u201090 glass microsphere activity quantitation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Beattie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assen S.","family":"Kirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam L.","family":"Kesner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-05163-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3608909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31826566f0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2016.07.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NRC Information Notice 2007\u201310: Yttrium\u201090 Therasphere\u00ae and Sirspheres\u00ae Impurities 2007. Accessed September 1 2023.https:\/\/www.nrc.gov\/docs\/ML0634\/ML063470020.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.Yttrium\u201090 Microsphere Brachytherapy Sources and Devices TheraSphere\u00ae and SIR\u2010Spheres\u00ae Licensing Guidance Revision 102019. Accessed September 1 2023.https:\/\/www.nrc.gov\/docs\/ML1920\/ML19204A272.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30290-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259\u2010023\u201006111\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"Boston Scientific.Instructions for Use TheraSphere\u2122 Yttrium\u201090 Glass Microspheres2021. Accessed September 1 2023.https:\/\/www.bostonscientific.com\/content\/dam\/elabeling\/pi\/OTT\u201000221_Rev1_TheraSphere_en_s.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"TheraSphere reference manual. Boston Scientific.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264225"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2023.05.022"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16828","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T15:08:07Z","timestamp":1710256087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.16828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.16828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16828","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}