{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T06:26:38Z","timestamp":1783059998275,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011699","name":"Siemens Healthineers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies of tin spectral filtration have demonstrated potential in reducing radiation dose while maintaining image quality for unenhanced computed tomography (CT) scans. The extent of dose reduction, however, was commonly measured using the change in the scanner's reported CTDI<jats:sub>vol<\/jats:sub>. This method does not account for how tin filtration affects patient organ and effective dose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effect of tin filtration on patient organ and effective dose for CT Lung Cancer Screening (LCS) and CT Colonography (CTC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A previously\u2010developed Monte Carlo program was adapted to model a 96\u2010row CT scanner (Somatom Force, Siemens Healthineers) with tin filtration capabilities at 100\u00a0kV (100Sn) and 150\u00a0kV (150Sn). The program was then validated using experimental CTDI<jats:sub>vol<\/jats:sub> measurements at all available kV (70\u2013150\u00a0kV) and tin\u2010filtered kV options (100Sn and 150Sn). After validation, the program simulated LCS scans of the chest and CTC scan of the abdomen\u2010pelvis for a population of 53 computational patient models from the extended cardiac\u2010torso family. Each scan was performed using three different spectra: 120\u00a0kV, 100Sn, and 150Sn. CTDI<jats:sub>vol<\/jats:sub>\u2010normalized organ doses and DLP\u2010normalized effective doses, commonly referred to as dose conversion factors, were compared between the different spectra.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For all LCS and CTC scans, CTDI<jats:sub>vol<\/jats:sub>\u2010normalized organ doses and DLP\u2010normalized effective doses increased with increasing beam hardness (120\u00a0kV, 100Sn, 150 Sn). For LCS, relative for 120\u00a0kV, conversion factors for 100Sn produced a median increase in effective dose of 9%, with organ dose increases of 8% to lung, 5% to breast, 15% to thyroid, and 3% to skin. Conversion factors for 150Sn produced a median increase in effective dose of 20%, with organ dose increases of 16%, 18%, 26%, and 12% to these same organs, respectively. For CTC, relative for 120\u00a0kV, conversion factors for 100Sn produced a median increase in effective dose of 12%, with organ dose increases of 9% to colon, 10% to liver, 11% to stomach, and 4% to skin. Conversion factors for 150Sn produced a median increase in effective dose of 21%, with organ dose increases of 16%, 17%, 19%, and 10% to these same organs, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results show that dose conversion factors are greater when using tin filtration and should be considered when evaluating tin's potential for dose reduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T11:24:22Z","timestamp":1699961062000},"page":"103-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of tin spectral filtration on organ and effective dose in CT colonography and CT lung cancer screening"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Grant","family":"Fong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Herts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Primak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc.  Malvern Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Segars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Cancer Facts & Figures 2022","author":"Society AC","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts & Figures 2021\u20132022","author":"Society AC","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911793"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2009.24.1.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1713"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2017.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110760"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2022.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604\u2010020\u201000925\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.20154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645320911864"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3515839"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3515864"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4957638"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4955438"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","article-title":"The measurement, reporting, and management of radiation dose in CT","volume":"96","author":"McCollough C","year":"2008","journal-title":"AAPM Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4926317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","article-title":"Series of 4D adult XCAT phantoms for imaging research and dosimetry","volume":"8313","author":"Bond J","year":"2012","journal-title":"SPIE Medical Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Photon, Electron, Proton and Neutron Interaction Data for Body Tissues","volume":"34","author":"Scott JA","year":"1993","journal-title":"ICRU Report 46 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, 1992, $4000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4754584"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncv511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/52\/9\/017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3533897"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101900"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncu374"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.16836","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T20:55:35Z","timestamp":1705611335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.16836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.16836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16836","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}