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However, there is a need for a dosimeter that is able to detect such high instantaneous dose, particularly in vivo. To fulfill this need, protoacoustics is introduced, which is an in vivo range verification method with submillimeter accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of using protoacoustics as a method of in vivo real\u2010time monitoring during FLASH proton therapy and investigating the resulting protoacoustic signal when dose per pulse and pulsewidth are varied through multiple simulation studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The dose distribution of a proton pencil beam was calculated through a Monte Carlo toolbox, TOPAS. Next, the k\u2010Wave toolbox in MATLAB was used for performing protoacoustic simulations, where the initial proton dose deposition was inputted to model acoustic propagations, which were also used for reconstructions. Simulations involving the manipulation of the dose per pulse and pulsewidth were performed, and the temporal and spatial resolution for protoacoustic reconstructions were investigated as well. A 3D reconstruction was performed with a multiple beam spot profile to investigate the spatial resolution as well as determine the feasibility of 3D imaging with protoacoustics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results showed consistent linearity in the increasing dose\u2010per\u2010pulse, even up to rates considered for FLASH. The simulations and reconstructions were performed for a range of pulsewidths from 0.1 to 10\u00a0\u03bcs. The results show the characteristics of the proton beam after convolving the protoacoustic signal with the varying pulsewidths. 3D reconstruction was successfully performed with each beam being distinguishable using an 8\u00a0cm\u00a0\u00d7\u00a08\u00a0cm planar array. These simulation results show that measurements using protoacoustics has the potential for in vivo dosimetry in FLASH therapy during patient treatments in real time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through this simulation study, the use of protoacoustics in FLASH therapy was verified and explored through observations of varying parameters, such as the dose per pulse and pulsewidth. 2D and 3D reconstructions were also completed. This study shows the significance of using protoacoustics and provides necessary information, which can further be explored in clinical settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T12:12:51Z","timestamp":1703074371000},"page":"5070-5080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Simulation study of protoacoustics as a real\u2010time in\u2010line dosimetry tool for FLASH proton therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prabodh Kumar","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences University of California  Irvine 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