{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:49:40Z","timestamp":1782920980693,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The out\u2010of\u2010field radiation dose for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), which results from both neutrons and \u03b3\u2010rays, has not been extensively evaluated. To safely perform BNCT, the neutron and \u03b3\u2010ray distributions inside the treatment room and the whole\u2010body dose should be evaluated during commissioning. Although, certain previous studies have evaluated the whole\u2010body dose in the clinical research phase, no institution providing BNCT covered by health insurance has yet validated the neutron distribution inside the room and the whole\u2010body dose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To validate the Monte Carlo model of the BNCT irradiation room extended for the whole\u2010body region and evaluate organ\u2010at\u2010risk (OAR) doses using the validated model with a human\u2010body phantom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, thermal neutron distribution inside the entire treatment room was measured by placing Au samples on the walls of the treatment room. Second, neutron and gamma\u2010ray dose\u2010rate distributions inside a human\u2010body water phantom were measured. Both lying and sitting positions were considered. Bare Au, Au covered by Cd (Au+Cd), In, Al, and thermoluminescent dosimeters were arranged at 11 points corresponding to locations of the OARs inside the phantom. After the irradiation, \u03b3\u2010ray peaks emitted from the samples were measured by a high\u2010purity germanium detector. The measured counts were converted to the reaction rate per unit charge of the sample. These measurements were compared with results of simulations performed with the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS). A male adult mesh\u2010type reference computational phantom was used to evaluate OAR doses in the whole\u2010body region. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE)\u2010weighted doses and dose\u2010volume histograms (DVHs) for each OAR were evaluated. The median dose (D<jats:sub>50%<\/jats:sub>) and near\u2010maximum dose (D<jats:sub>2%<\/jats:sub>) were evaluated for 14 OARs in a 1\u2010h\u2010irradiation process. The evaluated RBE\u2010weighted doses were converted to equivalent doses in 2\u00a0Gy fractions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experimental results within 60\u00a0cm from the irradiation center agreed with simulation results within the error bars except at\u00a0\u00b120, 30\u00a0cm, and those over 70\u00a0cm corresponded within one digit. The experimental results of reaction rates or \u03b3\u2010ray dose rate for lying and sitting positions agreed well with the simulation results within the error bars at 8, 4, 11, 7 and 7, 4, 7, 6, 5, 6 out of 11 points, respectively, for Au, Au+Cd, In, Al, and TLD. Among the detectors, the discrepancies in reaction rates between experiment and simulation were most common for Au+Cd, but were observed randomly for measurement points (brain, lung, etc.). The experimental results of \u03b3\u2010ray dose rates were systematically lower than simulation results at abdomen and waist regions for both positions. Extending the PHITS model to the whole\u2010body region resulted in higher doses for all OARs, especially 0.13\u00a0Gy\u2010eq increase for D<jats:sub>50%<\/jats:sub> of the left salivary gland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PHITS model for clinical BNCT for the whole\u2010body region was validated, and the OAR doses were then evaluated. Clinicians and medical physicists should know that the out\u2010of\u2010field radiation increases the OAR dose in the whole\u2010body region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T12:09:44Z","timestamp":1703765384000},"page":"1351-1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Out\u2010of\u2010field dosimetry using a validated PHITS model and computational phantom in clinical BNCT"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kakino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansai BNCT Medical Center Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University  Takatsuki Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naonori","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansai BNCT Medical Center Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University  Takatsuki Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science Kyoto University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science Kyoto University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Takeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University  Takatsuki Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruhito","family":"Aihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansai BNCT Medical Center Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University  Takatsuki Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Nihei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansai BNCT Medical Center Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University  Takatsuki Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University  Takatsuki Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansai BNCT Medical Center Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University  Takatsuki Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2009.03.095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2011.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Sumitomo Heavy Industries L. 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