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Systems have been developed for preclinical applications in areas including breast imaging, lung imaging, rheumatoid arthritis hand imaging and kidney stone imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevailing x\u2010ray interferometers for multi\u2010contrast imaging include Talbot\u2010Lau interferometers and universal moir\u00e9 effect\u2010based phase\u2010grating interferometers. Talbot\u2010Lau interferometers suffer from conflict between high interferometer sensitivity and large field of view (FOV) of the object being imaged. A small period analyzer grating is necessary to simultaneously achieve high sensitivity and large FOV within a compact imaging system but is technically challenging to produce for high x\u2010ray energies. Phase\u2010grating interferometers suffer from an intrinsic fringe period ranging from a few micrometers to several hundred micrometers that can hardly be resolved by large area flat panel x\u2010ray detectors. The purpose of this work is to introduce a four\u2010grating x\u2010ray interferometer that simultaneously allows high sensitivity and large FOV, without the need for a small period analyzer grating.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The four\u2010grating interferometer consists of a source grating placed downstream of and close to the x\u2010ray source, a pair of phase gratings separated by a fixed distance placed downstream of the source grating, and an analyzer grating placed upstream of and close to the x\u2010ray detector. The object to be imaged is placed upstream of and close to the phase\u2010grating pair. The distance between the source grating and the phase\u2010grating pair is designed to be far larger than that between the phase\u2010grating pair and the analyzer grating to promote simultaneously high sensitivity and large FOV. The method was evaluated by constructing a four\u2010grating interferometer with an 8\u00a0\u00b5m period source grating, a pair of phase gratings of 2.4\u00a0\u00b5m period, and an 8\u00a0\u00b5m period analyzer grating.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The fringe visibility of the four\u2010grating interferometer was measured to be \u224824% at 40\u00a0kV and \u224818% at 50\u00a0kV x\u2010ray tube operating voltage. A quartz bead of 6\u00a0mm diameter was imaged to compare the theoretical and experimental phase contrast signal with good agreement. Kidney stone specimens were imaged to demonstrate the potential of such a system for classification of kidney stones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed four\u2010grating interferometer geometry enables a compact x\u2010ray multi\u2010contrast imaging system with simultaneously high sensitivity and large FOV. Relaxation of the requirement for a small period analyzer grating makes it particularly suitable for high x\u2010ray energy applications such as abdomen and chest imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T09:59:05Z","timestamp":1711965545000},"page":"3648-3657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A four\u2010grating interferometer for x\u2010ray multi\u2010contrast imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Houxun","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Optics, LLC  Zionsville Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James C.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Cell Biology &amp; Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Josell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Division National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","article-title":"Design, construction, and initial results of a prototype multi\u2010contrast x\u2010ray breast imaging system","volume":"10573","author":"Li K","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06362-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00146-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63155-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09527"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"453","article-title":"The classification of renal stones by gratings\u2010based dark\u2010field radiography","volume":"74","author":"Niemann T","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cent European J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311053110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1754212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597472"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/373595a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/42\/11\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.42.L866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.006296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4973520"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.023142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.381759"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.46.849"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-008-0584-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4742267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2007.01.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2012.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"RowenAM GrubbsRK ColemanJJ Inventors; National Technology Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC assignee.Electroplated Au for conformal coating of high aspect ratio silicon structures. 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