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However, breathing\u2010induced organ motion affects particle mini\u2010beam irradiation schemes since the organ displacements exceed the mini\u2010beam structure dimensions, decreasing the advantages of spatial\u00a0fractionation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, the impact of breathing\u2010induced organ motion on the dose distribution was examined at the target and organs at risk(OARs) during carbon ion mini\u2010beam irradiation for pancreatic\u00a0cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As a first step, the carbon ion mini\u2010beam pattern was characterized with Monte Carlo simulations. To analyze the impact of breathing\u2010induced organ motion on the dose distribution of a virtual pancreas tumor as target and related OARs, the anthropomorphic\n                      <jats:styled-content>P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ancreas\n                      <jats:styled-content>P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      hantom for\n                      <jats:styled-content>I<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      on b\n                      <jats:styled-content>e<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      am\n                      <jats:styled-content>T<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      herapy (PPIeT) was irradiated with carbon ions. A mini\u2010beam collimator was used to deliver a spatially fractionated dose distribution. During irradiation, varying breathing motion amplitudes were induced, ranging from 5\u00a0to 15\u00a0mm. Post\u2010irradiation, the 2D dose pattern was analyzed, focusing on the full width at half maximum (FWHM), center\u2010to\u2010center distance (ctc), and the peak\u2010to\u2010valley dose ratio (PVDR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mini\u2010beam pattern was visible within OARs, while in the virtual pancreas tumor a more homogeneous dose distribution was achieved. Applied motion affected the mini\u2010beam pattern within the kidney, one of the OARs, reducing the PVDR from 3.78\u00a0\u00a00.12 to 1.478\u00a0\u00a00.070 for the 15\u00a0mm motion amplitude. In the immobile OARs including the spine and the skin at the back, the PVDR did not change within 3.4% comparing reference and motion\u00a0conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides an initial understanding of how breathing\u2010induced organ motion affects spatial fractionation during carbon ion irradiation, using an anthropomorphic phantom. A decrease in the PVDR was observed in the right kidney when breathing\u2010induced motion was applied, potentially increasing the risk of damage to OARs. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the clinical viability of mini\u2010beam radiotherapy with carbon ions when irradiating abdominal\u00a0regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T16:34:30Z","timestamp":1713371670000},"page":"5618-5631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dosimetric study for breathing\u2010induced motion effects in an abdominal pancreas phantom for carbon ion mini\u2010beam radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0273-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Stengl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) 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