{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T17:21:43Z","timestamp":1759339303800,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of Computed Tomography (CT) imaging data to create 3D printable patient\u2010specific devices for radiation oncology purposes is already well established in the literature and has shown to have superior conformity than conventional methods. Using non\u2010ionizing radiation imaging techniques such as photogrammetry or laser scanners in\u2010lieu of a CT scanner presents many desirable benefits including reduced imaging dose and fabrication of the device can be completed prior to simulation. With recent advancements in smartphone\u2010based technology, photographic and LiDAR\u2010based technologies are more readily available than ever before and to a high level of quality. As a result, these non\u2010ionizing radiation imaging methods are now able to generate patient\u2010specific devices that can be acceptable for clinical use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this work, we aim to determine if smartphones can be used by radiation oncologists or other radiation oncology staff to generate bolus or brachytherapy surface moulds instead of conventional CT with equivalent or comparable accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work involved two separate studies: a phantom and participant study. For the phantom study, a RANDO anthropomorphic phantom (limited to the nose region) was used to generate 3D models based on three different imaging techniques: conventional CT, photogrammetry &amp; LiDAR which were both acquired on a smartphone. Virtual boli\u00a0were designed in Blender and 3D printed from PLA plastic material. The\u00a0conformity of each printed boli was assessed by measuring the air gap volume and approximate thickness between the phantom &amp; bolus acquired together on a CT. For the participant study, photographs, and a LiDAR scan of four volunteers were captured using an iPhone 13 Pro\u2122 to assess their feasibility for generating human models. Each virtual 3D model was visually assessed to identify any issues in their reconstruction. The LiDAR models were\u00a0registered to the photogrammetry models where a distance to agreement analysis was performed to assess their level of similarity.\u00a0Additionally, a 3D virtual bolus was designed and printed using ABS material from all models to assess their conformity onto the participants skin surface using a verbal feedback method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The photogrammetry derived bolus showed comparable conformity to the CT derived bolus while the LiDAR derived bolus showed poorer conformity as shown by their respective air gap volume and thickness measurements. The reconstruction quality of both the photogrammetry and LiDAR models of the volunteers was inadequate in regions of facial hair and occlusion, which may lead to clinically unacceptable patient\u2010specific device that are created from these areas. All participants found the photogrammetry 3D printed bolus to conform to their nose region with minimal room to move while three of the four participants found the LiDAR was acceptable and could be positioned comfortably over their entire nose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smartphone\u2010based photogrammetry and LiDAR software show great potential for future use in generating 3D reference models for radiation oncology purposes. Further investigations into whether they can be used to fabricate clinically acceptable patient\u2010specific devices on a larger and more diverse cohort of participants and anatomical locations is required for a thorough validation of their clinical usefulness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T15:43:10Z","timestamp":1715010190000},"page":"4447-4457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An evaluation of consumer smartphones for generating bolus and surface mould applicators for radiation oncology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Corey A.","family":"Bridger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Chemistry and Earth Sciences The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre M.","family":"Cara\u00e7a Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Chemistry and Earth Sciences The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy and Research South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Chemistry and Earth Sciences The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J. J.","family":"Douglass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Chemistry and Earth Sciences The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy and Research South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014\u2010018\u20101148\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the fit of 3D printed bolus from CT, optical scanner and photogrammetry methods","author":"Maxwell S","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246\u2010021\u201001092\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2019.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2018.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13283"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246\u2010023\u201001229\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924\u20102716(02)00070\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4933196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201064967\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.daach.2020.e00157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlidoostF ArefiH Comparison of UAS\u2010based photogrammetry software for 3D point cloud generation: a survey over a historical site. 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