{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:41:08Z","timestamp":1788198068473,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Organ doses in spiral CT scans depend on the tube start\u00a0angle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the effective dose in single source CT (SSCT) and dual source CT (DSCT) scans as a function of tube start angle and spiral pitch value to identify the dose reduction potential by selecting the optimal start\u00a0angle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using Monte Carlo simulations, dose values for different tube positions with an angular increment of  and a longitudinal increment of  were simulated over a range of  with collimations of , , and . The simulations were performed for the thorax region of six adult patients based on clinical CT data. From the resulting dose distributions, organ doses and effective dose were determined as a function of tube angle and longitudinal position. Using these per\u2010view dose data, the individual organ doses, as well as the total effective dose, were determined for spiral scans with and without tube current modulation (TCM) with pitch values ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 for SSCT and up to 3.0 for DSCT. The dose of the best and worst tube start angle in terms of dose was determined and compared to the mean dose over all tube start\u00a0angles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>With increasing pitch and collimation, the dose variations from the effective dose averaged over all start angles increase. While for a collimation of , the variations from the mean dose value stay below  for SSCT, we find that for a spiral scan with a pitch of 3.0 for DSCT with TCM and collimation of , the dose for the best starting angle is on average  lower than the mean value and  lower than the maximum\u00a0value.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Variation of the tube start angle in spiral scans exhibits substantial differences in radiation dose especially for high pitch values and for high collimations. Therefore, we suggest to control the tube start angle to minimize patient\u00a0risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T14:53:55Z","timestamp":1720709635000},"page":"7080-7092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Patient radiation risk reduction by controlling the tube start angle in single and dual source spiral CT scans: A simulation study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Edith","family":"Baader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of X\u2010Ray Imaging and CT German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of X\u2010Ray Imaging and CT German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joscha","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of X\u2010Ray Imaging and CT German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sawall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of X\u2010Ray Imaging and CT German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Kachelrie\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of X\u2010Ray Imaging and CT German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-4085-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.108651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06888-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3078053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3590367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3259773"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa60d7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2578680"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"ICRP 2007.The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.ICRP Publication 103. 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