{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:35:26Z","timestamp":1783355726461,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Radiation delivery with ultra\u2010high dose rate (FLASH) radiotherapy (RT) holds promise for improving treatment outcomes and reducing side effects but poses challenges in radiation delivery accuracy due to its ultra\u2010high dose rates. This necessitates the development of novel imaging and verification technologies tailored to these conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study explores the effectiveness of proton\u2010induced acoustic imaging (PAI) in tracking the Bragg peak in three dimensions and in real time during FLASH proton irradiations, offering a method for volumetric beam imaging at both conventional and FLASH dose rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed a three\u2010dimensional (3D) PAI technique using a 256\u2010element ultrasound detector array for FLASH dose rate proton beams. In the study, we tested protoacoustic signal with a beamline of a FLASH\u2010capable synchrocyclotron, setting the distal 90% of the Bragg peak around 35\u00a0mm away from the ultrasound array. This configuration allowed us to assess various total proton radiation doses, maintaining a consistent beam output of 21 pC\/pulse. We also explored a spectrum of dose rates, from 15 Gy\/s up to a FLASH rate of 48 Gy\/s, by administering a set number of pulses. Furthermore, we implemented a three\u2010dot scanning beam approach to observe the distinct movements of individual Bragg peaks using PAI. All these procedures utilized a proton beam energy of 180 MeV to achieve the maximum possible dose rate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate a strong linear relationship between protoacoustic signal amplitudes and delivered doses (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.9997), with a consistent fit across different dose rates. The technique successfully provided 3D renderings of Bragg peaks at FLASH rates, validated through absolute Gamma index values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The protoacoustic system demonstrates effectiveness in 3D visualization and tracking of the Bragg peak during FLASH proton therapy, representing a notable advancement in proton therapy quality assurance. This method promises enhancements in protoacoustic image guidance and real\u2010time dosimetry, paving the way for more accurate and effective treatments in ultra\u2010high dose rate therapy environments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T13:24:48Z","timestamp":1722259488000},"page":"8496-8505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Toward real\u2010time, volumetric dosimetry for FLASH\u2010capable clinical synchrocyclotrons using protoacoustic imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Siqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center  Oklahoma City Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Rocky","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mevion Medical Systems  Littleton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leshan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mevion Medical Systems  Littleton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Townsend","family":"Zwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mevion Medical Systems  Littleton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center  Oklahoma City Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangzhong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California  Irvine California USA"},{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute &amp; Medical Clinic University of California  Irvine California USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13164244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.641915"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14338\/IJPT\u201022\u201000006.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/abcd16"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i6.5618"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1119173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246356"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014\u2010023\u201002213\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/abaa28"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201017\u20103375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2019.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15442"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tro\u201022\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZarifiM QiY GuatelliS HuttonB RosenfeldA Investigation of optimized prompt gamma detection strategy for real\u2010time Bragg peak tracking in proton radiation therapy. In:2015 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS\/MIC). IEEE;2015;1\u20105. doi:10.1109\/NSSMIC.2015.7582237","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2015.7582237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201028192\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE\u201020\u201000068.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE\u201019\u201000012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/ac9881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/59\/21\/6549"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2023.101239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pr\u00e6siusSK StuartMB SchouM DammannB Brandenborg S\u00f8rensenHH JensenJA Real\u2010time super\u2010resolution ultrasound imaging using GPU acceleration. In:2022 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE;2022;1\u20104. doi:10.1109\/IUS54386.2022.9957589","DOI":"10.1109\/IUS54386.2022.9957589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201077422\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029\u2010554X(79)90386\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER14032303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0040783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.71.016706"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2018.2801724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4929939"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/hpl.2023.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2023.3314339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/acb2ae"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/61\/15\/5621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16894"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2021.3098501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2023.3238017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/ad0283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","article-title":"Hybrid\u2010supervised deep learning for domain transfer 3D protoacoustic image reconstruction","author":"Lang Y","year":"2023","journal-title":"ArXiv"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.17318","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T20:03:11Z","timestamp":1733169791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.17318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.17318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.17318","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}