{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T05:17:07Z","timestamp":1738559827847,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012152","name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BX20230090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX20230090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012152","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20224Y0382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224Y0382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relaxivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents is primarily attributed to metal ions such as gadolinium (Gd) and iron. However, the impact of organic solutes on relaxivity, particularly through alterations in water molecule dynamics, has not been thoroughly investigated. This research was aimed to explore how organic solutes affect the relaxivities of water and Gd\u2010based contrast agents (GBCAs), potentially revealing new aspects for the development of contrast agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effects of different proportions of water\u2010soluble organic solvents mixed with pure water and GBCA on T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxivities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1,4\u2010dioxane, glycerin, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, and PEG 400 were mixed with ultrapure water in various ratios (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 10:90, 0:100). GBCA was added to these mixtures at a concentration of 0.05 mmol\/L. The mixtures underwent T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> mapping scans using a 3.0 Tesla MRI machine, and the relaxivities R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (1\/T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) and R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (1\/T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were calculated and compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relaxivity R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> of ethanol, 1,4\u2010dioxane, and DMSO mixtures with water or GBCA, as well as R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> of DMSO mixtures with GBCA, initially increased and then decreased. Conversely, R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> increased significantly with higher proportions of diethylene glycol, PEG 200, and glycerin in the mixtures with GBCA. The increase in relaxivity R<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> was correlated with greater viscosity. When the proportion of DMSO and diethylene glycol exceeded 20%, minimal variability in R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was observed as the water content decreased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adding organic solvents to water and paramagnetic relaxation reagents could alter T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxivities, suggesting potential new directions for modifying current contrast agents. Additionally, increasing the viscosity of the contrast agent was found to enhance the relaxivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T13:01:56Z","timestamp":1730206916000},"page":"1108-1118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in the relaxivity of water\u2010organic solvent miscible systems: Hidden forces beyond metal ions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Shiman","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huashan hospital Fudan University  Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaochao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University Tongji University Cancer Center  Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huashan hospital Fudan University  Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dijia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huashan hospital Fudan University  Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pu\u2010Yeh","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GE Healthcare  Beijing P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huashan hospital Fudan University  Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huashan hospital Fudan University  Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huashan hospital Fudan University  Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Huashan hospital Fudan University  Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000184756.66360.d3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i43.4757"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.179.1.1848714"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.261055045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.333115062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713499"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249\u2010013\u20109997\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.104703"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9md00341j"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102230.2009.03465.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259\u2010024\u201006894\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50501a040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9716701302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp045438q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167\u20107322(99)00083\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00363"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.17471","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T03:37:36Z","timestamp":1738553856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.17471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.17471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.17471","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0094-2405"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2473-4209"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}