{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T20:30:32Z","timestamp":1772569832840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quantitative real\u2010time MRI\u2010based temperature mapping techniques are hampered by abdominal motion. Intrascan motion can be reduced by rapid acquisition sequences such as 2D echo planar imaging (EPI), and inter\u2010scan organ displacement can be compensated by image processing such as optical flow (OF) algorithms. However, motion field estimation can be seriously affected by local variation of signal intensity on magnitude images inherent to tissue heating, potentially leading to erroneous temperature estimates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to characterize, in the context of clinical MRI\u2010guided microwave ablation (MWA), a novel deformable image registration (DIR) algorithm that enhances the generation of thermal maps aligned to a reference position, a critical step for calculating cumulative thermal dose and, consequently, for the real\u2010time evaluation of interventional procedure progress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective image analysis was performed on 11 patients that underwent MWA of a liver tumor (primary or metastasis). Ablation duration was set to 9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02 min with a 14\u2010gauge large antenna. A stack of 13\u201320 contiguous slices was acquired dynamically (350 repetitions) at 1.5T using a single\u2010shot EPI sequence. Evaluation was first performed on motion\u2010free datasets (5 gated acquisitions using a cushion positioned in the patient abdomen) then with ones with motion (8 fixed\u2010frequency acquisitions at 0.5\u00a0Hz). Temperature, thermal dose and lesion size were computed using three workflows: (i) standard phase subtraction (gold standard), (ii) conventional OF motion compensation, (iii) PCA\u2010based OF motion compensation. The impact of flow field, temperature and lesion volume estimation were compared using averaged endpoint error (AEE), NRMSE and bland Altman plot, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intensity signal decreases (close to 50%) were observed in the vicinity of the probe during MW energy delivery. Both motion correction algorithms reduce the NRMSE of magnitude images throughout the acquisition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.005) and achieve similar results between them. <jats:italic>Gated acquisition results<\/jats:italic>. Conventional OF produced erroneous vector fields compared to the PCA\u2010based OF, leading to higher maximal EE (3\u00a0mm vs. 1\u00a0mm) and temperature errors up to 15\u00b0C\u201320\u00b0C. PCA\u2010based OF algorithm significantly reduces the NRMSE of temperature (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.005). The conventional OF method underestimated the final size of lesions with a bias of 0.93 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> while the PCA\u2010based OF reported a bias of 0.5 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. <jats:italic>Fixed frequency acquisition results<\/jats:italic>. The temperature estimation without motion correction led to strong fluctuations or loss of temperature measurement while the proposed PCA\u2010based OF recovered both a stable and precise measurement with null bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The deformable image registration algorithm is less sensitive to local variations of the signal. Volumetric temperature imaging without gating (20 slices\/2\u00a0s) could be performed with the same accuracy, and offer trade\u2010offs in acquisition time or volume coverage. Such a strategy is expected to increase procedure safety by monitoring large volumes more rapidly for MR\u2010guided thermotherapy on mobile organs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T15:05:01Z","timestamp":1732374301000},"page":"722-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of a deformable image registration algorithm for image\u2010guided thermal ablation of liver tumors on clinically acquired MR\u2010temperature maps"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ry","family":"Ozenne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, IHU Liryc University of Bordeaux Bordeaux 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