{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T20:29:14Z","timestamp":1782160154315,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>124\u2010iodine (<jats:sup>124<\/jats:sup>I) is used for positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostics and therapy planning in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Small lesion sizes\u00a0(&lt;10\u00a0mm) and low <jats:sup>124<\/jats:sup>I uptake are challenging conditions for the detection of DTC lymph node lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the lesion detectability and quantification performance under clinically challenging imaging conditions using non\u2010time\u2010of\u2010flight (TOF) PET\/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the clinical context of radionuclide therapy planning of DTC patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PET\/MR measurements were performed on the Siemens Biograph mMR using a small lesion NEMA\u2010like phantom (six glass spheres, diameters 3.7\u20139.7\u00a0mm). 60 min list\u2010mode data were acquired for nine activity concentrations (AC) ranging from 25\u00a0kBq\/mL to 0.25\u00a0kBq\/mL using a sphere\u2010to\u2010background ratio of 20:1. PET list\u2010mode data were divided into five timeframes (60, 30, 16, 8, and 4\u00a0min) and reconstructed using either ordered\u2010subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) or OSEM+ point spread function (PSF) algorithm. For all reconstructions, the smallest detectable sphere size was investigated in a human observer study. Partial volume effect (PVE) corrected PET images (contour and oversize\u2010based approach) were analyzed considering a\u00a0\u00b1\u00a030% deviation range between imaged and true AC as acceptable. Clinical data of eight DTC patients with small lymph node lesions were evaluated to assess agreement between the PVE correction approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longer PET acquisition times, higher ACs, and PSF reconstructions resulted in improved PET image quality and overall improved lesion detectability. The smallest 3.7\u00a0mm sphere was only visible under the best imaging conditions. Using a typical clinical <jats:sup>124<\/jats:sup>I whole\u2010body PET\/MRI protocol with an acquisition time of 8 min using OSEM reconstructions, all lesions of \u2265\u00a06.5\u00a0mm in diameter could be detected and the quantification provided reliable results approximately above 5.0\u00a0kBq\/mL. An accurate quantification of ACs in the 4.8\u00a0mm sphere was not feasible in this study. In the clinical evaluation of 10 lesions, a good agreement between oversize\u2010 and contour\u2010based PVE corrections was observed\u00a0(&lt;15% deviation).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that a reliable quantification of <jats:sup>124<\/jats:sup>I uptake with PET\/MRI is feasible and, therefore, could be used to perform radioiodine pre\u2010therapy lesion dosimetry and individualized therapy planning in DTC patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T14:59:23Z","timestamp":1732633163000},"page":"837-846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection and quantification of small and low\u2010uptake lesions for differentiated thyroid carcinoma using non\u2010time\u2010of\u2010flight iodine\u2010124 PET\/MRI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Maike E.","family":"Lindemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"High\u2010Field and Hybrid MR Imaging University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Jentzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, Partner Site Essen)  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kersting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, Partner Site Essen)  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Fragoso Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, Partner Site Essen)  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"K\u00fcper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, Partner Site Essen)  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lale","family":"Umutlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, Partner Site Essen)  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald H.","family":"Quick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High\u2010Field and Hybrid MR Imaging University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"Erwin L. 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