{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:56:30Z","timestamp":1791482190612,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP230103091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP230103091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID2028435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID2028435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201906680103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201906680103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Geant4, a Monte Carlo Simulation Toolkit extensively used in bio\u2010medical physics, is in continuous evolution to include newest research findings to improve its accuracy and to respond to the evolving needs of a very diverse user community. In 2014, the G4\u2010Med benchmarking system was born from the effort of the Geant4 Medical Simulation Benchmarking Group, to benchmark and monitor the evolution of Geant4 for medical physics applications. The G4\u2010Med system was first described in our Medical Physics Special Report published in 2021. Results of the tests were reported for Geant4 10.5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this work, we describe the evolution of the G4\u2010Med benchmarking\u00a0system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The G4\u2010Med benchmarking suite currently includes 23 tests, which benchmark Geant4 from the calculation of basic physical quantities to the simulation of more clinically relevant set\u2010ups. New tests concern the benchmarking of Geant4\u2010DNA physics and chemistry components for regression testing purposes, dosimetry for brachytherapy with a  source, dosimetry for external x\u2010ray and electron FLASH radiotherapy, experimental microdosimetry for proton therapy, and in vivo PET for carbon and oxygen beams. Regression testing has been performed between Geant4 10.5 and 11.1. Finally, a simple Geant4 simulation has been developed and used to compare Geant4 EM physics constructors and physics lists in terms of execution\u00a0times.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In summary, our EM tests show that the parameters of the multiple scattering in the Geant4 EM constructor\n                      <jats:italic>G4EmStandardPhysics_option3<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Geant4 11.1, while improving the modeling of the electron backscattering in high atomic number targets, are not adequate for dosimetry for clinical x\u2010ray and electron beams. Therefore, these parameters have been reverted back to those of Geant4 10.5 in Geant4 11.2.1. The x\u2010ray radiotherapy test shows significant differences in the modeling of the bremsstrahlung process, especially between\n                      <jats:italic>G4EmPenelopePhysics<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the other constructors under study (\n                      <jats:italic>G4EmLivermorePhysics<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>G4EmStandardPhysics_option3<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>G4EmStandardPhysics_option4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). These differences will be studied in an in\u2010depth investigation within our Group. Improvement in Geant4 11.1 has been observed for the modeling of the proton and carbon ion Bragg peak with energies of clinical interest, thanks to the adoption of ICRU90 to calculate the low energy proton stopping powers in water and of the Linhard\u2013Sorensen ion model, available in Geant4 since version 11.0. Nuclear fragmentation tests of interest for carbon ion therapy show differences between Geant4 10.5 and 11.1 in terms of fragment yields. In particular, a higher production of boron fragments is observed with Geant4 11.1, leading to a better agreement with reference data for this fragment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on the overall results of our tests, we recommend to use\n                      <jats:italic>G4EmStandardPhysics_option4<\/jats:italic>\n                      as EM constructor and\n                      <jats:italic>QGSP_BIC_HP<\/jats:italic>\n                      with\n                      <jats:italic>G4EmStandardPhysics_option4<\/jats:italic>\n                      , for hadrontherapy applications. The Geant4\u2010DNA physics lists report differences in modeling electron interactions in water, however, the tests have a pure regression testing purpose so no recommendation can be\u00a0formulated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T06:41:14Z","timestamp":1740120074000},"page":"2707-2761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Results of a Geant4 benchmarking study for bio\u2010medical applications, performed with the G4\u2010Med system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3009-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Arce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEMAT  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5248-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay W.","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Radiation Physics University of Wollongong  Wollongong New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3922-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Arsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapienza, University of Rome  Rome Italy"},{"name":"INFN, Roma1 Section  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9246-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Bagulya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebedev Physical Institute  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0257-1267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bolst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Radiation Physics University of Wollongong  Wollongong New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy M. 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