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Additionally, we implemented GPU\u2010accelerated motion\u2010incorporated reconstruction algorithms for the SPECT projections, integrating motion information to produce motion\u2010free images from all acquired\u00a0data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the 4D XCAT Phantom to generate attenuation maps and activity images across different respiratory phases, with activity distributions based on patient images. SPECT projections were simulated using the SIMIND Monte Carlo program with Poisson noise. The OSI system was modeled by introducing Gaussian noise into the point clouds on the body surface within the attenuation map. The body surface images were registered across phases using a Gaussian mixture model combined with principal component analysis. The extracted respiratory signals were compared to the center\u2010of\u2010light (COL) approach, with or without filtering and kidney masking. The OSI method was further validated by comparing respiratory signals derived from a real patient using OSI to simultaneous cone\u2010beam CT (CBCT) projections. Two motion\u2010incorporated techniques, namely, 4D reconstruction (4D\u2010Recon) and post\u2010reconstruction registration and summation (post\u2010Recon), were compared with non\u2010motion\u2010corrected images (non\u2010MC) and single\u2010phase gating (Gating). The quantitative evaluation of image quality utilized recovery coefficients (RC), contrast recovery coefficients (CRC), and uncertainty\u00a0estimation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In simulation, the correlation between the ground\u2010truth and OSI\u2010based signals remained high and stable (0.99\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.004,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value  0.001 vs. COL\u2010filter with kidney masking). While the kidney mask improved performance (0.87\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.07 without filtering and 0.90\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06 with filtering,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value  0.001), it was less effective and more uncertain than the OSI method. Validation with patient data showed high consistency in breathing frequencies and phase alignment between CBCT\u2010based and OSI\u2010based signals. For reconstruction, both 4D\u2010Recon and post\u2010Recon significantly enhanced RC and CRC compared to non\u2010MC, with less uncertainty than Gating. In addition, 4D\u2010Recon outperformed post\u2010Recon in certain\u00a0aspects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our novel respiratory signal extraction approach based on OSI demonstrated superior accuracy and reliability compared to a data\u2010driven method. Applying motion\u2010incorporated SPECT reconstruction using these accurate breathing signals has the potential to enhance image quality and improve absorbed dose quantification in radiopharmaceutical therapy. The relevant reconstruction algorithms are also made available for public use in the open\u2010source library\u00a0PyTomography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T10:21:41Z","timestamp":1742811701000},"page":"4330-4340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optical surface information\u2010based respiratory phase\u2010sorting and motion\u2010incorporated reconstruction for SPECT imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy The University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Oncology BC Cancer Research Institute Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas A.","family":"Polson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy The University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Oncology BC Cancer Research Institute Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuzhou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education\/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology Peking University Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Oncology BC Cancer Research Institute Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Therapy Department BC Cancer Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Radiology The University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arman","family":"Rahmim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy The University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Oncology BC Cancer Research Institute Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Radiology The University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.106.037390"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IvanovicM Pellot\u2010BarakatC WeberD LoncaricS SheltonD.Effects of patient motion in coincidence studies on hybrid PET\/SPECT system. 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