{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T08:06:43Z","timestamp":1762934803507,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PP1898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP1898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibit a different pattern of blood oxygenation level\u2010dependent (BOLD) activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies when compared to healthy control (HC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to determine whether observed differences in BOLD activation between people with MS (pwMS) and HC participants are due to the differences of neurovascular coupling, cerebral blood flow (CBF) or actual neuronal activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We investigated the neuronal activation in pwMS (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a011) and age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched HC participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a015) using simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) and fMRI measures during a visual task (VT) and hypercapnia condition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant neurovascular coupling is observed in both HC and pwMS. Neuro\u2010vascular coupling ratios are not significantly different between groups. However, we observe significantly lower CBF increase during VT and higher quantitative CBF at a rest state in pwMS than in HC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). From the multiple regression model, in HC group, we found that the BOLD contrast change during VT is best predicted by the EEG power change during VT (Student\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score\u00a0=\u00a02.64,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.022), and the CBF change during hypercapnia (Student\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score\u00a0=\u00a02.59,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.024). In pwMS, the BOLD contrast change during VT is negatively predicted by the CBF change during VT (Student t\u2010score\u00a0=\u00a0\u22124.02,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings could explain that BOLD activation in pwMS is mainly determined by the blood flow change during activation rather than the direct neuronal activation measures or hemodynamic vascular reactivity during hypercapnia challenge, suggesting that altered vasodilatory effects in response to task activation in pwMS might be linked to impaired cerebral hemodynamics, possibly leading to the widely observed abnormal BOLD activation in fMRI studies of pwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  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