{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:30:32Z","timestamp":1778175032569,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01EB034691\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01EB034691\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monte Carlo (MC)\u2010based independent dose calculation is increasingly sought after for plan\u2010 and delivery\u2010specific quality assurance (QA) in modern radiotherapy because of its high accuracy. It is particularly valuable for online adaptive radiotherapy, where measurement\u2010based QA solutions are impractical. However, challenges related to beam modeling, commissioning, and plan\/delivery\u2010specific fluence calculation have hindered its widespread clinical adoption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We propose a generic, automated, convolution\u2010based beam and fluence modeling method for MC dose calculation, assuming zero or very limited knowledge of the linear accelerator (LINAC) head, with all necessary information derived from water phantom measurements. Instead of conventional particle transport through beam modulation devices (the phase space\u2010based approach), we developed a direct convolution\u2010based method to model the effects of beam modulation devices on output factors and fluence for downstream particle transport in the patient's body.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The measurement data necessary for the beam model include the percent depth dose (PDD) profile of a reference field (typically 10\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010 cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), the diagonal profile of the largest field at the depth of maximum dose, and the output factors for representative field sizes formed by beam modulation devices (jaws\/MLCs). The beam modeling process involves adjusting the energy spectrum to match the reference field PDD, optimizing the weighting factor for electron contamination, and encoding the output factors in a fluence convolution kernel. The fluence is calculated by convolving the intensity map defined by beam modulation devices and monitor units with the kernel, and the dose is calculated through a point source model with initial particles sampled from the fluence. This approach was demonstrated using an in\u2010house developed general\u2010purpose MC dose engine for various clinical LINACs, including those integrated with magnetic resonance imaging.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to reference beam data, our calculations achieved average gamma passing rates of over 97% using the 2%\/2\u00a0mm criteria. Compared to a sample of 20 clinical plans calculated by the treatment planning systems (TPS) across different beam modalities and treatment machines, our calculated dose achieved gamma passing rates of over 97% using the 3%\/2\u00a0mm criteria with an average calculation time of less than 1\u00a0min.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed machine\u2010agnostic, convolution\u2010based beam, and fluence modeling approach enabled efficient automatic commissioning for a wide range of clinical external photon beam machines. The fluence map\u2010based dose calculation approached sub\u2010minute dose calculation efficiency for arbitrary treatment plans. The proposed method has the potential to accelerate the adoption of MC calculation\u2010based QA for online adaptive radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T21:06:31Z","timestamp":1744664791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Automatic, machine\u2010agnostic, convolution\u2010based beam, and fluence modeling for Monte Carlo independent dose calculation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Mingli","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mu\u2010Han","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Pompos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Godley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598373"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(97)01906-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4864244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3551996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2009.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/22\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/23\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2795842"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597552"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(98)00113-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1543152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/5\/307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1333747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/4\/302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/17\/312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1445413"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"The Physics of Radiation Therapy","author":"Khan FM","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.594580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3227367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003212485-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/4\/310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37206\/71"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"SolbergT.Field shaping; design characteristics and dosimetry issues.Proceedings of the AAPM Annual Meeting;2002. Abstract TU\u2010A\u2010517A\u20101."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"Varian.Eclipse Photon and Electron Algorithms Reference Guide Version 13.6.2015. Document ID: P1008611\u2010003\u2010C."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"Elekta.Monaco Dose Calculation Technical Reference Manual. Document ID: E014439."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/7\/303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/8\/315"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.17822","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T10:30:31Z","timestamp":1765189831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.17822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.17822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.17822","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e17822"}}