{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:53:18Z","timestamp":1785808398439,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microwave breast hyperthermia is a noninvasive treatment method for breast cancer that utilizes microwave energy (ME) sources to raise tissue temperatures above 42, inducing tumor cell necrosis. The efficiency of ME deposition depends on the electric field magnitude and tissue conductivity, with antenna phase and amplitude adjustments used to maximize the electric field magnitude within tumors. Achieving precise ME focusing in the complex and heterogeneous breast tissue is challenging and can lead to unwanted hot spots in normal tissue. This study presents a novel method for optimizing ME focusing on the center of target tumors, using a simplified calculation of antenna phases, heuristic optimization for antenna amplitudes, and realistic breast phantoms for performance evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this work, we propose an approach to optimize the microwave hyperthermia system, employing phase and amplitude modulation techniques to concentrate the electric field at the center of a malignant tumor within a breast medium. The approach uses line sources arranged in a circular pattern around realistic breast models. The method begins by determining the phase, followed by adjusting the amplitudes of each source in order to maximize the total electric field at the tumor's center. The goal is to maximize the electric field at the tumor center while minimizing the optimization cost and\u00a0complexity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simulations are performed at 4 GHz frequency using two different types of digital breast phantoms (fatty and dense breasts) as test beds. The algorithm is tested by using three quantities; that is, the electric field distribution, the power density distribution, and the temperature distribution inside the whole breast region. The electric field and power density are calculated using an in\u2010house method of moments (MoM) algorithm, while the temperature distributions are obtained with computer simulation technology (CST) software. To further evaluate the method with quantitative measures of success, thermal indices are calculated for each phantom and\u00a0method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The specific absorbtion rate (SAR) results and corresponding temperature distributions for each breast type and optimization demonstrate that effective focusing is achieved in both cases. However, the combined phase\u2010amplitude optimization provides more precise focusing by eliminating hot spots. Among thermal indices, the TC75 and T90 values obtained from the phase\u2010amplitude combined optimization for both breast types outperform the results found in the literature. The T50 values obtained using the combined optimization are above 42 .<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents an optimization method for focusing ME within breast tissue, performed in two steps: first phase optimization, followed by amplitude optimization. The electric field calculations are performed using both the MoM and Finite Difference Time Domain methods. The technique is numerically tested on two realistic breast models, with thermal indices calculated for each phantom and optimization process. Results show T90 values exceeding 40  and T50 values above 42 . While the study employs a 2D applicator, it provides a strong foundation for future development in 3D\u00a0applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:34:17Z","timestamp":1745465657000},"page":"3557-3569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimization of microwave hyperthermia system for focused breast cancer treatment: A study using realistic digital breast phantoms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Burak","family":"Acar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuba","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Yapar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-199102000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0872-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02656739709046538"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2020.3032838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-022-01124-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1984.325370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2022.3210691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656730701670478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2023.108528"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3203431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2024.3468713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112677"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2024.3390692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.804602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.102811"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030493"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176343"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2463681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2602233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abd41a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.832012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2631162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"HasgallPA et\u00a0al.IT'IS database for thermal and electromagnetic parameters of biological tissues (version 4.1).https:\/\/itis.swiss\/database(accessed May 20 2024)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAE-2009-1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/9\/318"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ArkadiuszM PiotrG MarcinS.Optimization of SAR coefficient for dipole antennas array with regard to local hyperthermia. 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