{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:13:54Z","timestamp":1783437234772,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Organ specific multi\u2010pinhole (MPH) SPECT imaging could potentially improve the sensitivity\/resolution trade\u2010off and image quality (IQ), while facilitating the use of a variety of imaging\u2010agents, thereby addressing diagnostic, quantitative, and research clinical needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigate through simulation six different MPH aperture\u2010layout designs, plus variations in projection multiplexing (MUX) and truncation, for a prototype brain\u2010dedicated MPH SPECT system, named AdaptiSPECT\u2010C, to understand tradeoffs for such choices and guide selection of an optimal design for construction of the actual AdaptiSPECT\u2010C system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prototype AdaptiSPECT\u2010C system investigated herein employs 25 MPH gamma\u2010camera modules arranged in three rings to image a 21\u00a0cm diameter spherical volume\u2010of\u2010interest (VOI). With a focal point (FP) to center of detector distances of 38.7\u00a0cm, the pinhole aperture diameters were constrained to provide a calculated spatial resolution of 8\u00a0mm at the FP. Variations in the number of pinhole (PH) apertures, FP to aperture distance, PH layout, temporal changes in MUX, and extent\u2010of\u2010truncation of the projection images were investigated. Designs of the aperture layouts were used to create inputs for GATE and analytic simulations of a sphere phantom with uniform Tc\u201099\u00a0m activity filling the VOI, to assess MUX, detector utilization, and uniformity in reconstructed slices. We investigated axial and angular sampling using customized\u2010spherical Defrise and Derenzo phantoms. Finally, we assessed reconstructed IQ and activity quantification in reconstructions of analytic simulations of the XCAT digital anthropomorphic phantom with activity and attenuation distributions mimicking clinical\u2010SPECT brain\u2010perfusion imaging. For each phantom, comparison was also made to imaging with a dual\u2010headed SPECT system with low\u2010energy high\u2010resolution (LEHR) parallel\u2010hole (Vertex high resolution [VXHR]) collimators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sensitivity at the FP (SENS) for a Tc\u201099\u00a0m source in air calculated relative to a clinical dual\u2010headed SPECT system with VXHR collimators was 2.7x higher for a single aperture with no MUX or truncation, increased to 5.7x for five apertures with limited VOI truncation and MUX, and decreased to 2.5x with 13 apertures with limited MUX. For the spherical tub phantom, limited truncation did not impact uniformity, MUX decreased it, and temporal shuttering of projections helped lessen this impact. Visually, the 6.4\u00a0mm rods were generally well differentiated for the single central apertures. For designs with four or more apertures, all the 4.8\u00a0mm rods were well differentiated visually. Projection images of the XCAT phantom acquired for an imaging time that would result in the minimum clinically recommended count\u2010level for brain perfusion imaging with parallel\u2010hole collimators, showed low MUX of the brain structures for all of the MPH aperture layout designs. The best reconstructions for the XCAT phantom, both visually and quantitatively, were obtained with the design using 4\u2010 or 5\u2010PH\u2010apertures for the aperture\u2010layout design that included MUX and some truncation of imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We determined for a prototype brain\u2010dedicated MPH SPECT employing 25 camera modules in three rings with different PH layout designs imaging a 21\u00a0cm diameter spherical VOI, that a system with five apertures per module provided the best SENS, and IQ of the XCAT brain phantom, both visually and numerically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T02:54:46Z","timestamp":1747018486000},"page":"3734-3759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Examination of aperture layout designs for an adaptive\u2010stationary multi\u2010pinhole brain\u2010dedicated SPECT system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Kesava S.","family":"Kalluri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Zeraatkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Pells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Hendrik","family":"Pretorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School  Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett R.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaehla","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Momsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Doty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Ruiz","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Fromme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Worcester Polytechnic Institute  Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell  Lowell Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A","family":"Kupinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip H.","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology City of Hope National Medical Center  Duarte California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars R.","family":"Furenlid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James C. 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