{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:26:50Z","timestamp":1780572410325,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Micrometer\u2010scale dosimetry is crucial when estimating the energy deposited within micrometer\u2010scale biological targets exposed to low doses or high dose gradients. Raman micro\u2010spectroscopy read\u2010out of radiochromic films (RCFs) permits micrometer\u2010scale resolution; this presents a novel opportunity to explore its feasibility for experimental microdosimetry.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n The purpose of this work was to develop a novel approach towards generating data for experimental microdosimetry. The objective was to develop a method based on high (1\u20132\u00a0\u00b5m) spatial resolution Raman micro\u2010spectroscopy of RCFs, ensuring reproducibility of data while producing two\u2010dimensional intensity maps of the Raman response.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n EBT3 RCFs were irradiated to doses between 0.2\u00a0Gy and 2\u00a0Gy using a clinical linear accelerator. Raman spectra were collected using a custom Raman microscope fitted with 40\u00d7 and 60\u00d7 water immersion (WI) objectives, and a commercial Raman microscope utilizing a 100\u00d7 dry objective. The excitation source of the custom setup was circularly polarized to minimize the influence of polarization on the film read\u2010out. The Raman response of the RCFs was measured over a 100\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0100\u00a0\u00b5m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n region of interest (ROI) with a 10\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010 grid. The Raman response of the active layer of the film was normalized to the radiation\u2010insensitive monomer peak at 2260\u00a0cm\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n . The Raman intensities of the 1445\u00a0cm\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n and 2060\u00a0cm\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n peaks were used to generate dose response curves for each microscope setup. Maps of the Raman intensity over the 100\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0100\u00a0\u00b5m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ROI for the 60\u00d7 WI setup were used to quantify the heterogeneity in the film response. Higher resolution point\u2010scans were performed over a 20\u00a0\u00d7\u00a020\u00a0\u00b5m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ROI for 0\u00a0Gy and 2\u00a0Gy samples.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The dose response of each Raman microscope setup over the 0\u20132\u00a0Gy dose range was linear (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n of 0.98) after normalization to the 2260\u00a0cm\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n Raman peak in the active layer. The slope of the dose response curve of the commercial microscope exhibited dependence on the film orientation; this was minimized with the custom Raman setup by using the circularly polarized excitation source. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the 1445\u00a0cm\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n peak Raman intensity over the 100\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0100\u00a0\u00b5m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ROIs was significant (\u223c11%) for each microscope setup, and independent of dose. The Raman intensity distribution maps revealed that the heterogeneity in Raman response across the ROI was on the same size\u2010scale (1.62\u00a0\u00b5m\u00a0\u00d7\u00a09.4\u00a0\u00b5m) of the lithium salt of pentacosa\u201010,12\u2010diynoic acid (LiPCDA) crystals comprising the active layer of the film.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This work explored the feasibility of a Raman micro\u2010spectroscopy\u2010based read\u2010out technique of RCFs for experimental microdosimetry. Utilizing the 2260\u00a0cm\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n peak in the Raman spectrum as an internal standard for normalization produced a linear (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n of 0.98) dose\u2010response curve in the 0\u20132\u00a0Gy dose range. Utilizing circularly polarized laser excitation minimized the polarization dependence of the film and increased the reproducibility of the Raman measurements. Spatial heterogeneity in the concentration of PCDA crystals in the active layer was visualized based on two\u2010dimensional maps of the Raman intensity response to explore the implications on microdosimetry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T04:56:27Z","timestamp":1752641787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the potential of Raman micro\u2010spectroscopy of radiochromic films for experimental microdosimetry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Connor","family":"McNairn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prarthana","family":"Pasricha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"Milligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of British Columbia \u2010 Okanagan Campus Kelowna Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iymad R.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Radiation Medicine Program Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edana","family":"Cassol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinita","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau Health Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics University of British Columbia University of British Columbia \u2010 Okanagan Campus Kelowna Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeena","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Jirasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of British Columbia \u2010 Okanagan Campus Kelowna Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan R.","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metrology Research Centre National Research Council of Canada Ottawa Ontario 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