{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:55:52Z","timestamp":1785786952328,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Re\u2010irradiation of liver tumors is increasing in frequency, requiring clinicians to account for previous radiation dose to prevent unacceptable toxicity. Given the heterogeneity of liver morphological changes between treatments, deformable image registration (DIR) is required to accumulate dose from previous treatments onto the latest planning images for radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increase in re\u2010irradiation of patients with liver cancer has led to the need to account for previous radiotherapy treatments. This feasibility study used contemporaneous intravenous contrast computed tomography images (CTs) to evaluate the accuracy of DIR dose accumulation in the re\u2010irradiation of liver patients, via the use of structural landmarks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used nine liver patients who received repeat stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) liver radiotherapy, with contrast and non\u2010contrast planning CTs, to evaluate the accuracy of dose accumulation in the liver. The initial planning CT was deformed to the second planning CT, and the deformation vector field was used to deform the initial dose map. The dose could then be accumulated by adding the deformed initial dose map to the second dose map. Three methods of performing DIR were compared, including with and without corresponding anatomical landmarks. Target registration error (TRE), dice similarity coefficient, and Hausdorff distance were used to assess the accuracy of the dose accumulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The lowest TRE was achieved with the structure guided algorithm using all of the available anatomical landmarks, with a mean + standard deviation of 1.7\u00a0mm (SD\u00a0=\u00a00.9\u00a0mm) for non\u2010contrast (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0005) and 1.6\u00a0mm (SD\u00a0=\u00a00.9\u00a0mm) for contrast CTs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0005). DIR based on contrast CTs reduced the TREs, the distance between the location of a given landmark on the second image, and the location of where that landmark is deformed to from the first image, with all DIR algorithms (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0005 for each contrast non\u2010contrast pair). There were also statistically significant differences between dose accumulation errors for Contrast CTs with a mean of 0.92\u00a0Gy (SD\u00a0=\u00a03.08\u00a0Gy) and Non\u2010Contrast CTs of 1.07\u00a0Gy (SD\u00a0=\u00a03.36\u00a0Gy) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), and the differences between each of the algorithms were also statistically significant, with\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010values\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DIR improves the dose accumulation accuracy in re\u2010irradiation in liver SBRT. DIR accuracy can be improved using contrast CTs and corresponding anatomical landmarks. Providing additional information into the DIR in the form of corresponding anatomical landmarks dramatically improved image registration accuracy and thus reduced dose accumulation errors. Dose accumulation accuracy was dependent on the TRE, and on the dose\u2010gradient of the mapped dose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T07:18:46Z","timestamp":1752563926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of deformable image registration accuracy for liver re\u2010irradiation patients using contrast and non\u2010contrast computed tomography images"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"RMIT University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Central West Cancer Care Centre  Orange New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Franich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarat","family":"Chander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Oncology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Hardcastle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Radiation Physics University of Wollongong  Wollongong New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094\u2010010\u20100492\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.44.1659"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079854"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.820342"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2016.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.12.288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470\u20102045(22)00447\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201034676\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2016.57.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/2394\u20105079.2019.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2018.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.514"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.07.2273"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v15i6.4978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/acfa5f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.220084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2024.100588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.163.2.8037023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2011.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.11.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"Varian Medical Systems Inc.VELOCITY Instructions for Use. 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