{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:46:31Z","timestamp":1790444791644,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thorax phantoms for computed tomography (CT) imaging often lack realistic lung parenchyma and bronchovascular anatomy. To improve anatomical accuracy, 3D\u2010printed chest phantoms have been developed as more realistic alternatives to existing models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether an in\u2010house developed anthropomorphic phantom insert realistically represents the anatomical structures and attenuation characteristics compared to the original phantom and human CT data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The anthropomorphic chest phantom \u201cLungman\u201d was modified by integrating a 3D\u2010printed insert, cork\u2010based lung parenchyma, and lung nodules. The phantom was scanned on a CT system and evaluated using qualitative and quantitative CT analyses, comparing attenuation values and histogram distributions to human CT data. Subjective radiologist assessments were conducted to compare anatomical realism between the modified and unmodified phantom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Qualitative assessment of CT value distribution showed strong similarity between the modified phantom and human lung parenchyma, although the radiodensity characteristics of the 3D\u2010printed bronchovascular insert still require further refinement. Quantitative analysis confirmed that the modified phantom's parenchymal attenuation (\u2212854 Hounsfield unit [HU]) closely matched human lung parenchyma (\u2212872 HU,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05), whereas the unmodified phantom showed lower attenuation (\u2212997 HU,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). However, the bronchovascular insert showed lower attenuation than human vasculature (\u221241 HU vs. 42 HU,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Radiologists rated the modified phantom higher for anatomical realism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents a modified, anthropomorphic thorax phantom that integrates realistic 3D\u2010printed bronchial and vascular structures, lung parenchyma, and lung nodules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T07:01:53Z","timestamp":1752562913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Towards a more realistic anthropomorphic chest phantom using 3D\u2010printed and cork\u2010integrated components"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Joost F.","family":"Hop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Dudurych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thom R. G.","family":"Stams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geertruida H.","family":"de Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozemarijn","family":"Vliegenthart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel J. W.","family":"Greuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/MP.13763"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220915"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"286","volume-title":"Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering The Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics Devices for Research and Development","author":"Dewerd LA","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/62\/1\/202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6667779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010023\u201009434\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135467"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1123796"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15494"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201031142\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16462"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973\u20101482.110376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246\u2010023\u201001379\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"Kyoto Kagaku Co. 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