{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:36:25Z","timestamp":1782837385092,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dose\u2010driven continuous scanning (DDCS) enhances the efficiency and precision of proton pencil beam delivery by reducing beam pauses inherent in discrete spot scanning (DSS). However, current DDCS optimization studies using traveling salesman problem (TSP) formulations often rely on fixed beam intensity and computationally expensive interpolation for move spot generation, limiting efficiency and methodological robustness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study introduces a Break Spot\u2010Guided (BSG) method, combined with two acceleration strategies\u2014dose rate skipping and bounding\u2014to optimize beam intensity while minimizing beam delivery time (BDT). In addition, a \u2010method is proposed for efficient move spot generation, aiming to balance computational efficiency and dose calculation\u00a0accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The BSG framework simplifies the original mixed\u2010integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem by transforming it into a series of TSP evaluations using break\u2010spot dose rates. The two acceleration strategies are integrated to reduce computational complexity. The \u2010method is introduced to efficiently generate move spots without compromising dose fidelity. The performance of the BSG method, with and without the acceleration strategies, and the \u2010method, was evaluated across multiple clinical\u00a0cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By jointly optimizing the scan path and dose rate, the proposed BSG\u2010S\u2010B method offered the most efficient delivery, achieving a 64% reduction in BDT compared to DSS and a 57% reduction compared to Liu's method in the prostate case. These gains were consistently observed across all cases. Utilizing acceleration strategies, BSG\u2010S\u2010B significantly reduced computation time from hours to minutes (e.g., from 10\u00a0525.7 to 108.5\u00a0s in the prostate case, and from 6202.4 to 129.8 s in the head\u2010and\u2010neck case). When combined with the \u2010method, it reduced the number of move spots by more than 50%, while still ensuring dosimetric\u00a0quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed framework significantly improves computational efficiency, making scan path optimization with dose rate selection feasible for clinical DDCS delivery. The \u2010method effectively reduces computational complexity while maintaining dose calculation accuracy, demonstrating strong potential for clinical adoption in proton therapy treatment\u00a0planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.18098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T07:14:10Z","timestamp":1757488450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimizing dose rate to minimize delivery time in proton pencil beam dose\u2010driven continuous scanning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic in Florida Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongcheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jindong","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sridhar","family":"Yaddanapudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic in Florida Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunjoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic in Florida Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic in Florida Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Furutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic in Florida Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic in Florida Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic in Florida Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/44\/1\/014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.06.065"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","article-title":"Improving the precision and performance of proton pencil beam scanning","volume":"1","author":"Safai S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597522"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3259742"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/10\/306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2558213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac8410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16434"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/acf98e"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2760025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3121506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gpu\u2010accelerated scanning path optimization in particle cancer therapy","volume":"30","author":"Chao Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl Sci Tech"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2015.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"ReineltG.The Traveling Salesman: Computational Solutions for TSP Applications vol840.Springer;2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WoegingerGJ.Exact Algorithms for NP\u2010Hard Problems: A Survey.Springer;2003:185\u2010207.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36478-1_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.22.4.455"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"LeeJ LeyfferS.Mixed integer Nonlinear Programming vol154 Springer Science & Business Media;2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"BoydS MattingleyJ.Branch and bound methods.Notes for EE364b Stanford Univ.2007;2006:07."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.31.12.1533"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"ApplegateDL BixbyRE Chv\u00e1talV CookWJ.Concorde TSP Solver.2015. Accessed August 25 2025.https:\/\/www.math.uwaterloo.ca\/tsp\/concorde.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11590-014-0828-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17265"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.18098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T04:02:09Z","timestamp":1765339329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.18098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.18098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.18098","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e18098"}}