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Although these motions have been studied for respiratory motion management in the supine posture, few studies have quantified them and evaluated their correlations in the upright posture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study quantified the respiratory motions of liver and surrogate organs and evaluated the correlations between the liver motions and surrogate signals for respiratory motion monitoring in both the supine and upright postures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4D dynamic volume computed tomography (CT) images were acquired from 13 asymptomatic volunteers in both supine and upright postures while free breathing. The 4D liver motions were calculated by performing deformable image registration. Subsequently, superior\u2013inferior (SI) motion at the right diaphragm apex and anterior\u2013posterior (AP) motion at the abdominal skin surface were obtained as surrogate signals from the 4D CT images. The average displacements and maximum magnitudes of liver motions and surrogate signals were compared between the postures. Moreover, the correlations between the liver motions and surrogate signals were evaluated based on correlation models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average liver displacements from the end\u2010exhalation along the SI, AP, and left\u2010right directions were \u22126.1, 2.1, and \u22120.4 mm in the supine posture and \u22124.6, 2.5, and 0.1 mm in the upright posture, respectively. The maximum motion range along the SI direction significantly decreased from 16.3 \u00b1 6.6 mm in the supine posture to 11.0 \u00b1 2.7 mm in the upright posture. Similar to the supine posture, the correlation models also reproduced the liver motions with high fitting accuracy in the upright posture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to the conventional supine posture, the liver SI motion became smaller in the upright posture while keeping evident correlations with the surrogate signals, which suggests the upright posture will allow precise dose delivery with reduced internal target margins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.18111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T08:23:31Z","timestamp":1757492611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of supine and upright postures for liver respiratory motion management in radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Nomura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST) Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Inaniwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST) Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitake","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Keio University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Keio University School of 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