{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:44:44Z","timestamp":1791823484341,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003706","name":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GP2025\u20100008\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP2025\u20100008\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultra\u2010high dose rate (UHDR) radiotherapy, or FLASH RT, has shown potential to spare normal tissues while maintaining tumor control. However, accurate dosimetry at UHDR remains challenging, as conventional ionization chambers suffer from recombination effects. Although radiochromic films and alanine dosimeters have both been investigated independently for FLASH dosimetry, their separate use hinders robust validation and direct comparison of their measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to develop and evaluate a unified dosimeter containing both alanine and radiochromic film for electron and proton FLASH beam dosimetry. The design allows for simultaneous, co\u2010located irradiation of both dosimeter types, enabling a direct comparison between them. This configuration eliminates confounding factors such as positional offsets, alignment errors, and beam fluctuations, thereby facilitating the validation of measurements and enhancing confidence in FLASH dosimetry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The unified alanine and EBT\u2010XD\/HD\u2010V2 film dosimeter was designed with the same outer dimensions as the Advanced Markus chamber (PTW\u2010Freiburg), allowing compatibility with commercial QA phantoms. Alanine and film dosimeters were calibrated under conventional electron and proton beams, traceable to absorbed dose to water from Co\u201060 gamma rays. The unified dosimeter was used to measure dose from a 9 MeV electron FLASH beam (Varian Clinac iX) and a 230 MeV proton FLASH beam (IBA machine), with alanine and film irradiated simultaneously at the same location.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The alanine dosimeter measured the dose per pulse, instantaneous dose rate, and mean dose rate at a source\u2010to\u2010surface distance of 100\u00a0cm for the electron FLASH beam as 0.99  0.02\u00a0Gy\/pulse, 2.48  10\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0Gy\/s, and 357\u00a0Gy\/s, respectively. The EBT\u2010XD film showed good agreement (within a 2.0% relative difference) in the 10\u201330\u2010Gy range, whereas the HD\u2010V2 indicated a larger difference (up to 5.9%) compared to the alanine dosimeter. The mean dose rate for the proton FLASH beam, measured by the alanine dosimeter, was 115.4 1.1\u00a0Gy\/s. The EBT\u2010XD showed a 4.3% relative difference with the alanine dosimeter in the 10\u201330\u2010Gy range.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The unified alanine and film dosimeters enabled simultaneous irradiation of the alanine and the films, with combined relative standard uncertainties of 2.4% (\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01) for the alanine dosimeter and 3.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01) for the EBT\u2010XD films at the electron FLASH beam. For the proton FLASH beam, these uncertainties were 3.2% (\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01) for both the alanine dosimeter and the EBT\u2010XD films. Until dosimetry guidelines for the FLASH RT community are established by a working group such as AAPM TG\u2010359, the dosimetry protocol proposed in this study can serve as a promising approach for FLASH RT facilities worldwide.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T04:38:45Z","timestamp":1758861525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Electron and proton FLASH beam dosimetry using unified alanine, EBT\u2010XD, and HD\u2010V2 Gafchromic film dosimeters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9483-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongmoon","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionizing Radiation Metrology Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionizing Radiation Metrology Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science  Daejeon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Precision Measurement Engineering University of Science and Technology  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chul\u2010Young","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionizing Radiation Metrology Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionizing Radiation Metrology Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Min","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionizing Radiation Metrology Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rukundo","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionizing Radiation Metrology Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science  Daejeon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Precision Measurement Engineering University of Science and Technology  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyoun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Therapy Technology and Standards, Korea Institute of Radiological &amp; Medical Sciences  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young\u2010jae","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Therapy Technology and Standards, Korea Institute of Radiological &amp; Medical Sciences  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Byeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proton Therapy Center, National Cancer Center  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae\u2010Eon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proton Therapy Center, National Cancer Center  Goyang Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering Hanyang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang\u2010il","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital  Yangsan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong In","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionizing Radiation Metrology Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science  Daejeon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Precision Measurement Engineering University of Science and Technology  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01563"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/41812"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00697-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13085021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153883"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.5843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/ad539d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3375"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13270"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro6.1187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18429\/JACoW\u2010LINAC2022\u2010THPOPA06"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05181-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2023.109822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2024.112113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3700400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.113.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15568.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/59\/1A\/06023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3571206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61092\/iaea.ve7q-y94k"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","volume-title":"Alanine dosimetry\u2014uncertainty components. PTB Bericht PTB\u2010Dos\u201055","author":"Anton M","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/21\/003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.104992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8043(93)90190-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"JCGM 100:2008.Evaluation of measurement data\u2010Guide to expression of uncertainty in measurement.2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17277"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4939226"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"Ashland ISP Inc.GafchromicTM dosimetry media type HD\u2010V22025. Accessed June 5 2025http:\/\/www.gafchromic.com\/documents\/gafchromic\u2010hdv2.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"Ashland ISP Inc.GafchromicTM dosimetry media type EBT\u2010XD2025. Accessed June 5 2025http:\/\/www.gafchromic.com\/documents\/EBTXD_Specifications_Final.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13433"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13891"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aaac23"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","volume-title":"Cross calibration of alanine for scanned proton beams. NPL Report No. IR 48","author":"Palmans H","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/10\/3259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2012.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncad008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2020.108938"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/7\/011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153303460300200610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14191"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70022","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.70022","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:48:03Z","timestamp":1772992083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.70022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.70022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.70022","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70022"}}