{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T21:36:18Z","timestamp":1787607378009,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113\u20102823\u20108\u2010006\u2010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113\u20102823\u20108\u2010006\u2010002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110\u20102221\u2010E\u2010006\u2010087\u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110\u20102221\u2010E\u2010006\u2010087\u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid nodules (TNs) are common solid or fluid\u2010filled lumps in the thyroid gland, often benign but requiring treatment when they grow or cause symptoms. Ultrasound\u2010guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to surgery, particularly for benign TNs. However, precise execution is crucial, as the thyroid gland is surrounded by critical structures known as the \u201cdangerous triangle,\u201d including the recurrent laryngeal nerve and blood vessels. Inadequate targeting or excessive heat application during RFA can lead to complications. Currently, alternative training using phantoms can help inexperienced surgeons enhance surgical techniques and procedural safety. However, current phantom models often lack realistic tissue responses, particularly in mimicking protein coagulation, carbonization, and hydrodissection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop a high\u2010fidelity anthropomorphic neck and thyroid phantom that has similar ultrasound imaging characteristics and RFA response to that of human tissue. The phantom was designed to simulate key procedural steps, including ultrasound\u2010guided hydrodissection and ablation\u2010induced tissue changes, to support training in RFA of TNs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The thyroid and neck phantom's anatomical structure was reconstructed using Computed Tomography (CT) imaging to create a 3D\u2010printed mold. It was fabricated using biomimetic dual\u2010network artificial materials (BDAM) through a multi\u2010step molding process. The material characteristics, including the acoustic properties, ultrasound imaging, impedance, electrical conductivity, and thermal ablation response, were systematically evaluated. The phantom underwent ultrasound\u2010guided hydrodissection before RFA, and the resulting ablation zones were compared with those observed in animal tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The phantom's material properties were validated and compared to human muscle and thyroid tissue characteristics from the literature. Additionally, the phantom produced clear ultrasound images during hydrodissection, effectively demonstrating the separation of tissue from the nodule. It also exhibited localized bubbling and coagulative carbonization in response to thermal ablation under ultrasound imaging. The ablation zone closely resembled that observed in pig liver tissues, with a standard deviation (SD) of \u22640.2\u00a0cm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high\u2010fidelity phantom for training ultrasound\u2010guided RFA of TNs has been presented. The developed phantom demonstrated clear ultrasound imaging and a similar RFA response of biological tissues, particularly pig liver. It provides a realistic and effective platform for training in ultrasound\u2010guided RFA of TNs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T04:24:53Z","timestamp":1758774293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a high\u2010fidelity phantom for training ultrasound\u2010guided radiofrequency ablation of thyroid nodules"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Tsung Han","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery National Cheng Kung University Hospital  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen\u2010Ngan\u2010Ha","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Tanjaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsu\u2010Chi","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung\u2010Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Siang","family":"Ciou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Che","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Chun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"},{"name":"Medical Device Innovation Center National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1029926"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2019.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-3-199702010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1113977"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.517"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5039-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2018.1492028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2018.19.1.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000580"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-022-02582-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1102\/2051-7726.2020.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000519625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2017.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16906"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2014.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/19\/022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.70.830.9135447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.09.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2021.110974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2024.3450689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.005921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-222800-1.50008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2015.08.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","article-title":"The influence of impedance on the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules","author":"Due\u00f1as JP","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S287373"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2017.18.4.615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(01)00438-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.429476"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70035","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.70035","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:48:31Z","timestamp":1772992111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.70035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.70035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.70035","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70035"}}