{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:55:16Z","timestamp":1789437316841,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24\u201073\u201010191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24\u201073\u201010191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Infertility is a major global health concern, with fallopian tube blockages contributing to up to 35% of female infertility cases, and highlighting the critical need for effective tubal patency diagnostics. Hysterosalpingo\u2010contrast sonography (HyCoSy) is a noninvasive ultrasound technique for assessing fallopian tube patency, crucial in infertility diagnostics. Despite its advantages over x\u2010ray and laparoscopic methods, its clinical use is limited due to operator dependence and the need for specialized training. However, existing ultrasound phantoms lack compatibility with microbubble\u2010based contrast agents, restricting their effectiveness for HyCoSy training.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose<\/jats:bold>\n                    : This study presents a low\u2010cost, anatomically representative ultrasound phantom of the female reproductive system designed to support contrast agent infusion.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The phantom replicates the uterus and fallopian tubes using tissue\u2010mimicking materials with acoustic and mechanical properties approximating human muscle and serous membrane tissues. Fabrication was performed using 3D\u2010printed molds. Materials were selected and characterized based on density, Young's modulus, acoustic velocity, and attenuation slope, and compared with literature\u2010reported physiological ranges. Reproducibility was assessed through multiple independent fabrications, and statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate inter\u2010batch variability.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Among 15 tested material formulations, muscle\u2010mimicking sample 6 exhibited a Young's modulus of 24.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.8\u00a0kPa, an acoustic velocity of 1550\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0m\/s, and an attenuation slope of 0.055\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.002\u00a0dB\/mm\/MHz\u2014closely matching reported values for human muscle tissue (13\u201332\u00a0kPa, 1547\u00a0m\/s, 0.05\u20130.054\u00a0dB\/mm\/MHz, respectively). Serosa\u2010mimicking sample 15 showed a Young's modulus of 60.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.3\u00a0kPa, velocity of 1598\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0m\/s, and attenuation slope of 0.079\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.002\u00a0dB\/mm\/MHz, closely aligning with reported ranges for serous tissue (50\u2013500\u00a0kPa, 1575\u20131595\u00a0m\/s, 0.048\u20130.157\u00a0dB\/mm\/MHz). Computed tomography and B\u2010mode ultrasound confirmed the structural integrity and formation of internal cavities in the phantom, while fluorescence and ultrasound imaging demonstrated effective retention of contrast agents during microbubble infusion. Both B\u2010mode and non\u2010linear contrast ultrasound imaging enabled clear visualization of the uterine and tubal structures.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The phantom demonstrates validated mechanical and acoustic properties that closely match those of human muscle and serosa, supporting its suitability for illustrating core principles of HyCoSy, including contrast agent infusion and tubal visualization. The low cost and structural reproducibility of the model make it a practical option for simulation\u2010based radiology training.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T15:27:06Z","timestamp":1761319626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Low\u2010cost gynecologic ultrasound phantom with tissue\u2010mimicking properties for hysterosalpingo contrast sonography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Estifeeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Photonic Science and Engineering Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology  Moscow Russia"},{"name":"Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Kalinichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Photonic Science and Engineering Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egor","family":"Morokov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Acoustic Microscopy Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Fedotkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Visual Diagnostics, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Sencha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Visual Diagnostics, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3196-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Barmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Photonic Science and Engineering Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology  Moscow Russia"},{"name":"Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2495-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Rudakovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Photonic Science and Engineering Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology  Moscow Russia"},{"name":"Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010018\u20100058\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010023\u201000040\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Female Infertility","author":"Walker MH","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815\u2010016\u20100836\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2021210033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.11056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2023.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010024\u201010707\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17864"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404\u2010014\u20103465\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14061236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3sc04339h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"ExEm Foam Inc.ExEm\u00ae Foam the only FDA\u2010approved contrast agent for ultrasound tubal patency testing now available in the U.S.ExEm Foam Inc;2021. 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