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The destruction and remodeling of fibrous tissue, regenerated nodules, and microvascular system are the key pathological changes in the course of cirrhosis. Therefore, comprehensive visualization and analysis of the three\u2010dimensional (3D) morphology of these characteristic structures using an appropriate imaging technique can provide a new approach for deep understanding of the spatial pathology of cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To realize 3D virtual histopathology assessment of key microscopic structures of representative cirrhosis, such as biliary cirrhosis, hepatitis B cirrhosis (Hep B\u2010cirrhosis), and alcoholic cirrhosis via iodine\u2010enhanced x\u2010ray phase\u2010contrast CT (PCCT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten patients with biliary cirrhosis, 10 patients with Hep B\u2010cirrhosis and 6 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were included in the study. The integrated 3D virtual histopathology evaluation system of human cirrhosis was constructed through sample collection, iodine staining, PCCT imaging, 3D reconstruction, and quantitative evaluation. 3D observation and quantitative evaluation of key pathological anatomical structures, such as fibrous tissues, regenerated nodules, and microvascular system, were realized in all patients with cirrhosis through the 3D virtual histopathology evaluation system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      3D co\u2010construction and spatial anatomy of fibrous tissues, regenerated nodules, and microvascular structure in patients with biliary cirrhosis, Hep B\u2010cirrhosis, and alcoholic cirrhosis were performed by iodine\u2010stained 3D virtual histopathology technology, which can be virtually sliced at any point and in any direction. Further 3D quantitative evaluation revealed: the fibrosis volume ratio in biliary cirrhosis, Hep B\u2010cirrhosis, and alcoholic cirrhosis was 24.95\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.06 %, 11.34\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.05%, and 15.27\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.77%, respectively. The nodule volume in the three types of cirrhosis was 5.66\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.27\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b5m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 7.73\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.88\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b5m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and 1.36\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.71\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b5m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      respectively, and the septal thickness was 347.19\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0128.49, 184.06\u00a0\u00b1\u00a070.84, and 134.77\u00a0\u00b1\u00a041.64\u00a0\u00b5m, respectively. In addition, the pseudo\u2010lobule and single nodule structure of cirrhosis can be observed with high precision in 3D.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 3D digital pathological database of cirrhosis containing various microscopic structures and key pathological features can be established through the integrated virtual histopathology evaluation system, strengthening the arsenal of research instrumentation available for section\u2010free virtual pathology of cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T13:18:47Z","timestamp":1767359927000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iodine\u2010enhanced x\u2010ray phase\u2010contrast CT for three\u2010dimensional virtual histopathology evaluation of human cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology Tianjin Medical University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology Tianjin Medical University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Center Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease  Beijing 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