{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T20:45:40Z","timestamp":1785012340140,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102023\u201000237149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102023\u201000237149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A6A1A03063039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A6A1A03063039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>X\u2010ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging is a promising modality for quantitative molecular imaging that allows for the in vivo biodistribution detection of specific elements within biological systems. Despite its potential, challenges such as detection limit and scan time have hindered its widespread adoption in preclinical in vivo imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to address these challenges by developing a benchtop 2D multi\u2010pinhole XRF imaging system with an up\u2010to\u2010date cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector system without tomographic reconstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The benchtop 2D multi\u2010pinhole XRF imaging system was implemented by integrating a High Energy x\u2010ray Imaging Technology (HEXITEC) 2 \u00d7 2 CZT detector system with a lead collimator containing four tungsten pinholes. 140\u00a0kV fan beam x\u2010rays irradiated a small\u2010animal\u2010sized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom filled with gold nanoparticle (GNP) solutions at concentrations of 0.156, 0.313, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0\u00a0mg\/mL. A GNP\u2010loaded phantom with varying concentrations was used to establish a calibration curve relating GNP concentrations to K\u2010shell XRF photon counts and to evaluate the detection limit of the system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The multi\u2010pinhole collimator generated four well\u2010aligned, nonoverlapping projections, each centered on a CZT module, resulting in a fourfold increase in photon detection efficiency compared with a single\u2010pinhole collimator. The detector exhibited excellent spectral performance with an energy resolution of 1.38\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.32\u00a0keV full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 59.5\u00a0keV. As a result, two gold  XRF peaks (67.0 and 68.8\u00a0keV) were well resolved. Reconstructed XRF images, generated by combining four projections using the maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm, showed a strong linear relationship between GNP concentrations and XRF photon counts (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.99). The benchtop 2D multi\u2010pinhole XRF imaging system demonstrated in this study achieved a detection limit of 0.105\u00a0mg\/mL with a scan time of 10\u00a0min and an imaging dose of 51.5 cGy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By successfully integrating a multi\u2010pinhole collimator with the HEXITEC 2 \u00d7 2 CZT detector system, the benchtop 2D multi\u2010pinhole XRF imaging system substantially improved system sensitivity, achieving a detection limit of 0.1\u00a0mg\/mL for GNPs, a biologically relevant concentration, in a small\u2010animal\u2010sized phantom. This detection limit was attained with a 10\u2010min scan time and an imaging dose of 51.5 cGy, both within the acceptable range for in vivo imaging applications. These results highlight the potential of the benchtop 2D multi\u2010pinhole XRF imaging system for preclinical in vivo applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T18:05:23Z","timestamp":1767809123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Benchtop 2D multi\u2010pinhole x\u2010ray fluorescence imaging system using a high energy resolution pixelated cadmium zinc telluride detector"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Taeyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Bioengineering Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology Seoul National University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute T\u2010ROH Inc.  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Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus  Oxfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana D.","family":"Caprotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus  Oxfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Veale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus  Oxfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke B.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus  Oxfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongmoon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Metrology, Ionizing Radiation Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung\u2010Joon","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Bioengineering Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology Seoul National University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute T\u2010ROH Inc.  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