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We performed retrospective FLASH treatment planning utilizing SFUDPF\u2013SDDRO on four clinical head\u2010and\u2010neck (HN) cases for this study. SFUDPF planning involves delivering each prescription fraction (8\u00a0Gy\u00a0x\u00a05 fx) in 1 beam angle as opposed to multiple beam angles per fraction for IMPT. For each beam delivery, we maximized the FLASH effect in a 1\u00a0cm expansion of the HN CTV (CTV+1\u00a0cm) by enforcing FLASH dose\u2010rate and dose thresholds of 40\u00a0Gy\/s and 5\u00a0Gy, respectively, in this region. The pencil\u2010beam\u2010scanning dose rate (PBSDR) was calculated voxel\u2010wise by modeling the raster\u2010scanning spot trajectory, while neglecting energy switching times under the assumption of a range modulator capable of expanding a single\u2010energy beam into a spread\u2010out Bragg peak (SOBP). Robust optimization at 3\u00a0mm\/3.5% was performed to address setup and range uncertainties. We employed iterative convex relaxation and alternating direction method of multipliers algorithms to solve the non\u2010convex optimization problem posed by the SFUDPF\u2013SDDRO model. The FLASH effect was modelled within this work by multiplying the proton dose with a constant 0.7 dose modification factor for voxels fulfilling the dose\u2010rate and dose thresholds to obtain the FLASH effective dose (FED). Effects of FLASH sparing maximization via SFUDPF\u2013SDDRO are verified by comparing with IMPT and VMAT on plan qualities such as (i) high\u2010dose area sparing, (ii) conformity index (CI), and (iii) OAR doses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FLASH RT via SFUDPF\u2013SDDRO compared with IMPT and VMAT was evaluated for four clinical HN cases with different tumor geometries. When compared with their VMAT counterparts, SFUD\u2013SDDRO achieved a considerable reduction of FED for OAR directly adjacent to the CTV. Specifically in case 1, the brainstem D\n                      <jats:sub>1%<\/jats:sub>\n                      decreased from 87.57% to 62.26%, and the spinal cord D\n                      <jats:sub>10%<\/jats:sub>\n                      decreased from 87.36% to 60.74%; in case 2, the D\n                      <jats:sub>10%<\/jats:sub>\n                      of the carotid decreased from 102.46% to 63.30%; in case 3, the D\n                      <jats:sub>10%<\/jats:sub>\n                      of the oral cavity decreased from 94.72% to 62.66%, and the D\n                      <jats:sub>10%<\/jats:sub>\n                      of the oropharynx decreased from 102.5% to 69.09%; in case 4, the D\n                      <jats:sub>10%<\/jats:sub>\n                      of the oral cavity decreased from 88.56% to 59.81%. The SFUDPF\u2013SDDRO achieved a satisfactory CI in terms of FED, indicating that conformity was not sacrificed to achieve the FLASH effect.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed SFUDPF\u2013SDDRO method is feasible and shows potential clinical benefits for FLASH treatment planning. Maximizing the FLASH effect within a 1\u00a0cm ring around the target substantially limits high\u2010dose spillage and enhances OAR sparing compared with conventional approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T03:16:46Z","timestamp":1773631006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Single\u2010field\u2010uniform\u2010dose\u2010per\u2010fraction simultaneous dose and dose rate optimization (SFUDPF\u2013SDDRO) method for proton FLASH therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Lanzhou China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 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