{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:28:49Z","timestamp":1773102529855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82260473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024M762185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M762185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA271330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA271330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH\u2010RT) has been demonstrated to achieve comparable tumor control to conventional radiotherapy (CONV\u2010RT) while reducing radiation\u2010induced damage to normal tissues. However, current FLASH experiments primarily rely on particle accelerators (e.g., linear electron accelerators or proton synchrotrons), which are expensive, scarce, and technically challenging to install, thereby hindering the widespread adoption and fundamental research of FLASH technology. In contrast, kV X\u2010ray tubes offer a compact structure, low cost, and easy accessibility. By modifying their structure, they can be adapted into a simplified FLASH\u2010RT experimental platform.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultra\u2010high dose rate kilovoltage X\u2010rays generated from rotating anode X\u2010ray tubes at short source\u2010to\u2010surface distances (SSD) offer a cost\u2010effective alternative for FLASH radiotherapy research in basic laboratory settings, compared to advanced proton and electron accelerators. However, the direct use of rotating anode X\u2010ray tubes to achieve ultra\u2010high dose rates is limited by housing constraints. This study presents a housing modification that shortens the SSD with higher flux for a higher dose rate, and expand beam exit port providing more space for sample placement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high\u2010capacity X\u2010ray tube was modified to enhance dose rate capabilities and expand the beam exit port. Dose rate measurements were performed using kV\u2010compatible solid water phantoms to assess the effects of SSD and field size on dose rates and depth\u2010dose characteristics before and after the modification using radiochromic EBT4 film.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The modification shortened the SSD by 5\u00a0mm from the original design, enabling a maximum surface dose rate of 200\u00a0Gy\/s at a minimum SSD of 29.5\u00a0mm, 1.6 times higher than the original configuration. Additionally, the beam exit port was expanded to a 127\u00a0mm \u00d7 96\u00a0mm rectangular area, providing ample space for sample placement. FLASH dose rates exceeding 40\u00a0Gy\/s were achieved at depths up to 25\u00a0mm into solid water. A nonuniform high\u2010to\u2010low dose gradient was observed due to the anode heel effect. The dose flatness within a 10\u00a0mm diameter field of view was evaluated by incorporating a collimator, and the attenuation characteristics of the radiation beam after traversing biological tissue were approximated using a water\u2010equivalent film phantom. This experimental setup ensured that both the lateral and depth\u2010dose profiles remained within the FLASH dose range throughout the investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Modifying the housing of rotating anode X\u2010ray tubes enhances the efficient delivery of ultra\u2010high dose rate radiation by shortening the SSD and expanding the beam exit port. Although the use of tubes for FLASH experiments will have problems such as uneven dose depth and shortened tube life, this improved tube configuration enables high\u2010dose\u2010rate irradiation, providing an accessible platform for laboratory\u2010based FLASH studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T03:35:58Z","timestamp":1770953758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modified X\u2010ray tube for high dose rate FLASH radiotherapy research"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Liwen","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingchao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine Xi'an Medical University  Xi'an Shaanxi Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Pogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College, Hanover  NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University  Xi'an Shaanxi China"},{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering Dartmouth College, Hanover  NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmp.2020.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE\u201020\u201000090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13051012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201078017\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1442627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2019.10.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.19.590158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2023.101406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201020\u20100894"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2024.04.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2024.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201022\u20100262"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.5843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014\u2010024\u201002419\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrae079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16609"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/abf2fa"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro6.1204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2025.111125"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106560\/add641"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70341","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mp.70341","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mp.70341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T13:33:44Z","timestamp":1773063224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mp.70341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mp.70341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.70341","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70341"}}